An admissions board comprises representatives of a particular stock exchange who determine if a company will be allowed to list shares on that exchange. 

Largest Stock Exchanges By Market Cap 2021

How a Financial Panic Helped Launch the New York Stock Exchange

An admissions board comprises representatives of a particular stock exchange who determine whether a company will be allowed to list its shares on that exchange. An admission board's requirements for listed companies may include: the submission of two to three previous years' worth of financial statements, the issuance of a prospectus, and the meeting or exceeding of minimum requirements for total market value, number of shares outstanding, and share price. An exchange's admission board establishes the exchange's listing requirements, ensures that listed stocks comply with those requirements, and makes decisions about when a stock should be delisted. The admission board is the gatekeeper for a stock exchange, in charge of deciding which companies can list on the exchange, and what the rules are for listing. An exchange's admission board generally consists of high-level executives such as CEOs, CFOs, directors, vice presidents, and partners from a variety of major companies.

Admission Board

Founded in the 1600s with the Dutch East India Co. the Amsterdam Stock Exchange is considered the oldest in the world. It merged to form Euronext Amsterdam in 2000.

Founded in 1602, along with the creation of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Amsterdam Stock Exchange is considered the oldest, still-functioning stock exchange in the world. In September 2000, the Amsterdam Stock Exchange merged with the Brussels Stock Exchange and the Paris Stock Exchange to form Euronext Amsterdam. Its three broad equity indexes are the blue-chip AEX, mid-cap AMX, and small-cap AScX.
More than 20 of the most frequently traded Dutch companies trade on the exchange.
Review of the composition of the AEX index is done each quarter, with a comprehensive review conducted in March and interim reviews in June, September, and December. AEX merged with the Brussels Stock Exchange and the Paris Stock Exchange to form Euronext Amsterdam in 2000. Founded in 1602, along with the creation of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), the Amsterdam Stock Exchange is considered the oldest, still-functioning stock exchange in the world.

Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX) .AS definition

After the bell refers to news, earnings reports, and other activities occurring or released after the stock market close.

In finance or discussing the stock market, "after the bell" refers to any news, earnings reports, and other activities occurring or released after the stock market close. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) traditionally rings a bell at the beginning of the day's trading session and closes trading by ringing the closing bell. News programs targeted to stock market activity often pause to note the closing bell, then resume commentary to give an overview of stock performance along with any news or information that surfaces after the close. Though activity on the market floor has slowed with the advent of electronic trading, dignitaries, company executives, and celebrities often are given the honor of ringing the bell to mark the open and closing of floor activity. Excluding weekends and stock market holidays, regular trading hours for the U.S. stock market occurs between 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday.

After the Bell

The American Stock Exchange (AMEX), now known as the NYSE American, was once the third-largest U.S. stock exchange and dates back to the 18th century.

American Stock Exchange Historical Timeline

The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) was once the third-largest stock exchange in the United States, as measured by trading volume. The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) was once the third-largest stock exchange in the U.S.
NYSE Euronext acquired the AMEX in 2008 and today it is known as the NYSE American.
The majority of trading on the NYSE American is in small cap stocks. So, despite the fact that the NYSE American is a smaller-volume exchange specializing in listing smaller companies, its use of market makers enables it to maintain liquidity and an orderly market. To ensure market liquidity—which is the ease at which a security can be converted to cash without impacting its market price—the NYSE American offers electronic designated market makers. The exchange, at its height, handled about 10% of all securities traded in the U.S.
Today, the AMEX is known as the NYSE American.

American Stock Exchange (AMEX)

Auction market preferred stock refers to preferred equity securities that have interest rates or dividends that are periodically reset.

But unlike regular preferred shares, the value of the dividend from the adjustable preferred share is set by a predetermined mechanism to move with rates, and because of this flexibility preferred prices are often more stable than fixed-rate preferred stocks. Auction market preferred stock (AMPS) refers to preferred equity shares that have interest rates or dividends that are periodically reset through Dutch auctions. Auction market preferred stock is also known as auction-rate preferred stock. Auction market preferred stock (AMPS) is a type of preferred shares featuring a variable dividend yield.

Auction Market Preferred Stock (AMPS)

Bay Street in Toronto is Canada's financial center and is often used as a catchword for Canada's financial industry.

Quebec offers model of how money moves on secession threat

In Canadian Banking, Big Five Dominate the Action

Bay Street lies at the heart of Toronto’s downtown business district and is often used as a catchword for Canada’s financial industry, just as Wall Street has come to be a shorthand for the U.S. financial services industry. Talk about Bay Street invariably centers on economic and financial issues, with an emphasis on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), which is located about a block west of Bay Street, at the intersection of York Street and King Street. Four of Canada's five major banks have office towers at the intersection of Bay Street and King Street: the Bank of Montreal, Scotiabank, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC), and Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Bank). The area around Bay Street houses five of Canada's main banks: the Bank of Montreal, Scotiabank, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC), Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD Bank), and the Royal Bank. Bay Street lies at the heart of Toronto’s downtown business district and is often used as a catchword for Canada’s financial industry, just as Wall Street has come to be a shorthand for the U.S. financial services industry.

Bay Street

A bear market occurs when prices in the market fall by 20% or more.

By the numbers: Stock market collapses on Christmas Eve, heads for worst December ever

Stocks plunge into bear market territory: March 12, 2020

A look at what happens when stocks enter a bear market

Dow Skids Into Bear Market, Heralding an Uncertain Future

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Dow plunges 10% amid coronavirus fears for its worst day since the 1987 market crash

Stocks are at an all-time high. Here's what stopped the last 12 bull runs

The Coronavirus Stock Market: A Market Gone Wild

How the coronavirus recession has rewritten the traditional bear-market playbook

Table of Contents
What Is a Bear Market? The causes of a bear market often vary, but in general, a weak or slowing or sluggish economy, bursting market bubbles, pandemics, wars, geopolitical crises, and drastic paradigm shifts in the economy such as shifting to online economy, are all factors that might cause a bear market. Most recently, the Dow Jones Industrial Average went into a bear market on March 11, 2020, and the S&P 500 entered a bear market on March 12, 2020. Understanding Bear Markets
Phases of a Bear Market
Bear Markets vs. Corrections
Short Selling in Bear Markets
Puts and Inverse ETFs
Real World Examples
A bear market is when a market experiences prolonged price declines. Bear markets are often associated with declines in an overall market or index like the S&P 500, but individual securities or commodities can also be considered to be in a bear market if they experience a decline of 20% or more over a sustained period of time—typically two months or more.

Bear Market : Phases & Examples

The Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE), founded in 1920, is the primary stock exchange in Lebanon. 

The Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE) is the primary stock exchange in Lebanon. The BSE consists of three types of markets: the official market, for companies incorporated for more than three years and with at least $3 million or equivalent in capital; the junior market, for younger companies with capital or equivalent of $1 million; and the over-the-counter market, for Lebanese companies with capital or equivalent of at least $100,000. The BSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.
The Beirut Stock Exchange is a public institution The Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE) is the primary stock exchange in Lebanon. The Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE) is the primary stock exchange in Lebanon.

Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE)

The Caracas Stock Exchange (BVC) is a market for the shares of companies that are listed to trade in Venezuela.

Venezuela: The Rise and Fall of a Petrostate

Full Sovereignty Over Oil: A Discussion of Venezuelan Oil Policy and Possible Consequences of Recent Changes

The Caracas Stock Exchange (BVC), one of the smallest stock exchanges in Latin America, is located in the capital city of Venezuela. The pre-opening runs from 8:30 a.m. to 9:00 a.m.; the market session is from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m, and the post-closing runs from 1:00 p.m. to 1:30 p.m.
Fixed income securities are traded from 8:30 a,m, to 1:00 p,m.
The Caracas Stock Exchange traces its roots to 1805 when the country was still part of the Spanish Empire. The primary gauge of the value of companies traded on the Caracas Stock Exchange is the IBC Index, also referred to as the General Index, which consists of the stocks of 11 companies. The oil sector is dominated by _Petróleos de Venezuela_, the state-owned oil and natural gas company founded in 1976 after the government nationalized the oil industry. The Caracas Stock Exchange (BVC), one of the smallest stock exchanges in Latin America, is located in the capital city of Venezuela.

Caracas Stock Exchange (BVC)

The Charging Bull is a bronze sculpture by artist Arturo Di Modica that stands near Wall Street in Downtown Manhattan.

Charging Bull: The Story of the Wall Street Bull

_The Charging Bull_ is the official title of the iconic bronze sculpture depicting a bull rearing its horns, created by artist Arturo Di Modica that is located at Bowling Green, near Wall Street in Downtown Manhattan. _The Charging Bull_ is the official title of the iconic bronze sculpture depicting a bull rearing its horns, created by artist Arturo Di Modica that is located at Bowling Green, near Wall Street in Downtown Manhattan. The bull was sculpted by artist Arturo Di Modica in the aftermath of the 1987 stock market crash, and publicly installed in 1989 at the end of Broadway and near Wall Street. In a melting pot of backgrounds and experiences, Arturo Di Modica installed the bull as an antidote to the causes of the 1987 Wall Street crash: privilege, greed, and excess. The _Charging Bull_ is the name of the bronze sculpture of the animal its title depicts, located at Bowling Green near Wall Street in Manhattan.

Charging Bull Sculpture

The Cincinnati Stock Exchange (CSE) was a securities exchange which operated from 1895 until 2003.

Release No. 34-83404; File No. SR-NYSE-2018-23: Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change to Amend its Price List Related to Co-location Services in Connection with the Re-launch of Trading on NYSE National, Inc. and Proposed National Co-location Services

(Release No. 34-83289;File No. SR-NYSENAT-2018-02: Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE National, Inc.; Notice of Filing of Amendment No. 1 and Order Granting Accelerated Approval of a Proposed Rule Change, as Amended by Amendment No. 1, to Support the Re-launch of NYSE National, Inc. on the Pillar Trading Platform

Notice of Filing and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change to Amend its Price List Related to Co-location Services in Connection with the Re-launch of Trading on NYSE National, Inc. and Proposed National Co-location Services

The Cincinnati Stock Exchange was a securities exchange formed in 1885 by a group of Cincinnati businessmen. In 1995, as economic particularism was on the wane, the market moved from Cincinnati to the regional hub of commerce and stock trading, Chicago, but continued to operate as the Cincinnati Stock Exchange until November 7, 2003, when it was renamed the National Stock Exchange (NSX).
In 1980, the CSE replaced its physical trading floor with a much more efficient geographically dispersed electronic trading floor because of amendments made in 1975 to the Securities and Exchange Act.﻿﻿ In 1985, the CSE became the first fully electronic exchange in the United States, capable of automatically executing orders through the Intermarket Trading System.﻿﻿ The CSE was also the first exchange to introduce a competing specialist system, in 1992. In September of 2011, it was announced that the CBOE Stock Exchange had arranged to purchase the National Stock Exchange, and the acquisition was completed on December 30, 2011, though the NSX was never merged with the CBOE Exchange or moved to Chicago, and the two continued to operate in parallel. In December of 2016, the New York Stock Exchange announced that it had agreed to purchase the National Stock Exchange, and, pending SEC approval, the NSX shut down trading operations again on February 1, 2017. On February 24, 2015, the National Stock Exchange was purchased by an entity known as National Stock Exchange Holdings, and trading resumed in late December of that year.

Cincinnati Stock Exchange (CSE)

Circuit breakers temporarily halt trading on an exchange when a security or broad index moves in excess of a pre-set threshold amount.

Market-Wide Circuit Breakers: What You Need to Know

Limit Up-Limit Down' Pilot Plan and Associated Events

Table of Contents
What Are Circuit Breakers?
How Circuit Breakers Work
Special Considerations
History of Circuit Breakers
Criticism of Circuit Breakers
Real-World Example
When Is a Breaker Triggered Key Parameters of the Circuit Breaker System
**Acceptable up-or-down trading range (9:45 am-3:35 pm)**
**Acceptable up-or-down trading range (9:30-9:45 am and 3:35-4:00 pm)**
**Security price, listing**
Tier 1 National Market System (NMS) securities: S&P 500- and Russell 1000\- listed stocks, some exchange-traded products; price greater than $3.00 (price > $3.00)
Tier 2 NMS securities: other stocks priced over $3.00 (p > $3.00)
Other stocks priced greater than or equal to $0.75 and less than $3.00 ( $0.75 ≤ p ≤ $3.00)
Lesser of 75% or $0.15
Lesser of 150% (upper limit only) or $0.30
Other stocks priced less than $0.75 (p < $0.75)
Circuit breakers are brought into effect if trading occurs outside of these predefined parameters.
Regulators put the first circuit breakers into place following the market crash that occurred on Oct. 19, 1987. In trading, circuit breakers are emergency measures established by stock markets that shut down trading activity temporarily or for the rest of the trading day when market prices drop significantly. Market-wide circuit breakers are triggered when the broad-based S&P 500 falls by a certain amount within a single trading day, which halts trading across all markets. U.S. regulations have three levels of a circuit breaker, which are set to halt trading when the S&P 500 Index drops 7%, 13%, and 20%.
Circuit breakers for individual securities are triggered whether prices move up or down.

Circuit Breaker

The sounding of the closing bell brings a trading session to an end. Discover more about the closing bell here.

The closing bell is a bell that rings to signify the end of a trading session at a stock exchange. The closing bell is a bell that rings to signify the end of a trading session at a stock exchange. The tradition of a closing bell ceremony can be found at other exchanges, such as the Nasdaq, that do not use actual bells to end their trading sessions. The tradition of a closing bell ceremony can be found at other exchanges, such as the Nasdaq, that do not use actual bells to end their trading sessions. The closing bell, which is a brass bell controlled electrically, for the New York Stock Exchange is at 4:00 p.m. EST.

Closing Bell

The Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE), formerly Canada’s New Stock Exchange, is an electronic stock exchange for small-cap, microcap, and emerging companies in Canada.

Canadian Securities Exchange Reports Record Trading Volume and Capital Raised for January 2021

The Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE), formerly known as Canada’s New Stock Exchange (CNQ), is an electronic alternative stock exchange for small-cap and microcap firms and emerging companies in Canada. The Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE), formerly known as Canada’s New Stock Exchange (CNQ), is an electronic alternative stock exchange for small-cap and microcap firms and emerging companies in Canada. According to the exchange’s website, all securities listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and TSX Venture Exchange are traded on the CSE as “alternative market securities.” Trading volume of securities listed on the CSE reached a record 6.7 billion shares in January 2021 (valued at $4.4 billion in Canadian dollars \[CADs\]), an increase of 16% from the previous high of 5.7 billion shares in January 2018, and an increase of 32% compared to 5.0 billion shares in December 2020.
The trading system is fully automated and based on price-time priority. The CSE has around 580 listed companies, focusing primarily on small-cap and microcap Canadian companies.

Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE)

The Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) is the securities market in Kolkata, India.

Genesis and Growth of the Calcutta Stock Exchange

The Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) is a stock exchange located in Kolkata, India. The CSE provides its members with opportunities to trade in capital markets and the futures and options markets of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE).
The Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) is a stock exchange located in Kolkata, India. The CSE provides its members with opportunities to trade in capital markets and the futures and options markets of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE).
Though the buying and selling of stocks in Calcutta can be traced back to the early 1800s, there was not a code of conduct or permanent place to execute trades. In 2012, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) declared strict regulations for regional stock exchanges (RSEs), which triggered the voluntary exit of nearly 20 exchanges, including the Bangalore Stock Exchange, Hyderabad Stock Exchange, and Madras Stock Exchange. The Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE) is a stock exchange located in Kolkata, India.

Calcutta Stock Exchange (CSE)

Dow Jones Asian Titans 50 Index is a market capitalization-weighted index designed to capture the blue-chip leaders of the Asia Pacific region. 

Dow Jones Indexes to Unveil the Dow Jones Asian Titans Index

S&P And Dow Jones Indexes Finalize Merger

The Dow Jones Asian Titans 50 Index (DJATT) is a market capitalization\-weighted index of Asia-Pacific stocks designed to capture the blue chip leaders of the region. The Index is not as popular as the S&P Asia 50, which is marketed by the merged index company of both Dow Jones and S&P.
The Dow Jones Asian Titans 50 Index is part of the same family that produces the popular Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA). The Dow Jones Asian Titans 50 Index is part of the Dow Jones family that produces the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), the second-oldest stock market index, and one of the most followed indexes in the world. To create the Dow Jones Asian Titans 50 Index, Dow Jones first composes a list of the 50 largest Japan-based stocks and a separate list of the 50 largest non-Japan based stocks within Asia. The merged company still markets several Titan indexes under the Dow Jones name; however, the S&P Asia 50, which shares some similarities with the Dow Jones Asian Titans 50, is largely what the joint company markets today.

Dow Jones Asian Titans 50 Index

The Dow Jones Euro STOXX 50 is a stock index representing 50 of the largest companies in Europe based on market capitalization.

The Dow Jones Euro STOXX 50 is a stock index that represents 50 of the largest companies in Europe based on market capitalization. The EURO STOXX 50 Index is derived from the 19 EURO STOXX regional supersector indices and represents the largest supersector leaders in the Eurozone in terms of free-float market capitalization. The index captures about 60% of the free-float market capitalization of the EURO STOXX Total Market Index, which in turn covers about 95% of the free-float market capitalization of the represented countries. The Dow Jones STOXX 50 index closely resembles the Dow Jones EURO STOXX 50 in methodology and construction, with the exception that it does not limit company selection to businesses that have fully transitioned to the euro currency. The EURO STOXX 50 is a stock index of Eurozone stocks designed by STOXX, an index provider owned by Deutsche Börse Group.

Dow Jones Euro STOXX 50

The Borse-Dusseldorf exchange is located in Dusseldorf, Germany. It provides information and consulting services on top of functioning as an exchange.

The term Dusseldorf Stock Exchange refers to a German stock exchange located in Dusseldorf. According to its website, there are more than 17,000 securities listed on DUS including bonds, investment funds, stocks, exchange traded funds (ETFs), and asset class commodities.﻿﻿ It has nine of the DAX 30 companies—the most important companies in Germany—roughly 400 banks, savings banks, and financial services institutions, along with more than 170 insurance companies.
Investors can trade shares, ETFs, and other types of investment funds for 12 hours from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Monday to Friday. The following features and benefits are offered to those who trade on the exchange:
Mandatory tradable quotations in all products
Price determination for shares within the Xetra range
Special features in discounted trading
Guaranteed full execution within the displayed volume
Ongoing price determination for funds
No exchange costs in electronic Quotrix trading Once operating with a physical trading floor, the exchange is now fully electronic for trading stocks, bonds, and other types of securities. The term Dusseldorf Stock Exchange refers to a German stock exchange located in Dusseldorf.

Dusseldorf Stock Exchange (DUS)

An earnings estimate is an analyst's estimate for a company's future quarterly or annual earnings per share. 

Table of Contents
What Is an Earnings Estimate?
Understanding Earnings Estimate
Example of an Earnings Estimate
Special Considerations An earnings estimate is an analyst's forecast for a public company's future quarterly or annual earnings per share (EPS).
Investors rely heavily on earnings estimates to gauge a company's performance and make investment decisions about it.
Most investors use a consensus earnings estimate, a forecast of a Current Qtr. (Jun 2021)
Next Qtr. (Sep 2021)
Current Year (2021)
Next Year (2022)
Avg. Estimate
Low Estimate
High Estimate
Year Ago EPS
No. of Analysts
Source: Yahoo! Finance
Earnings surprises occur when a company misses the consensus estimate either by earning more than expected or less. It’s been found that the stocks of firms with substantial positive earnings surprises tend to perform above average, and the stock prices with substantial negative earnings surprises perform below average. An earnings estimate is an analyst's estimate for a company's future quarterly or annual earnings per share (EPS).

Earnings Estimate

The equity capital market, where financial institutions help companies raise equity capital, comprises the primary market and secondary market.

Table of Contents
What Is the ECM? The equity of a company, or shareholders' equity, is the net difference between a company's total assets and its total liabilities. When a company has publicly-traded stock, the value of its market capitalization can be calculated as the share price times the number of shares outstanding.
Equity can be categorized along several dimensions. The equity capital market (ECM) refers to the arena where financial institutions help companies raise equity capital and where stocks are traded. The primary equity market, where companies issue new securities, is divided into a private placement market, and a primary public market. In the primary public market, private companies can go public through IPOs, and listed companies can issue new equity through seasoned issues.

Equity Capital Market (ECM)

An equity market is a market in which shares are issued and traded, either through exchanges or over-the-counter markets.

An equity market is a market in which shares of companies are issued and traded, either through exchanges or over-the-counter markets. Some of the largest equity markets, or stock markets, in the world are the New York Stock Exchange, Nasdaq, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Shanghai Stock Exchange, and Euronext Europe. The securities traded in the equity market can either be public stocks, which are those listed on the stock exchange, or privately traded stocks. When a buyer will pay any price for the stock, they are buying at market value; similarly, when a seller will take any price for the stock, they are selling at market value. Most equity markets are stock exchanges that can be found around the world, such as the New York Stock Exchange and the Tokyo Stock Exchange.

Equity Market

Euronext is a pan-European stock exchange, the largest in Europe and the sixth largest in the world, trading markets. 

Euronext is the largest stock exchange group in Europe, and one of the largest in the world. Some of its more notable benchmark equity indexes include:
AEX in Amsterdam
BEL 20 in Brussels
CAC 40 in Paris
PSI 20 in Lisbon
Euronext 100—a pan-European blue-chip index
NYSE Euronext is a publicly-traded company that sees transactions worth over €100 billion in securities each trading day. 2007: Euronext merges with New York Stock Exchange to create NYSE Euronext. It later acquired the Portuguese stock exchange and the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange (LIFFE), expanding its offerings to include equities, exchange traded funds, warrants and certificates, bonds, derivatives, commodities, and indices. Over the years, it has since merged with several other exchanges, most notably the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), before itself being acquired by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE).

Euronext

An exchangeable security is a type of debt instrument that can be swapped at a future date for shares in the common stock of a different company.

An exchangeable security is an asset that can be traded at a future date for a specified number of shares of common stock or, in some cases, its cash equivalent. An exchangeable security that is automatically swapped for common stock shares or cash is known as a mandatory exchangeable security. An exchangeable security is an asset that can be traded at a future date for a specified number of shares of common stock or, in some cases, its cash equivalent. Issuers of exchangeable securities use specified formulas to determine the number of shares of common stock or cash equivalent that the holder will receive upon exchange. Importantly, it grants its holder the right to trade it for shares of the common stock of a company other than the issuer of the exchangeable security.

Exchangeable Security

Footsie is slang for the Financial Times-Stock Exchange 100 Share Index (FTSE 100). 

Guide to Calculation Methods for the FTSE UK Index Series

Footsie is slang for the Financial Times-Stock Exchange 100 Share Index (FTSE 100). Other FTSE UK indices include the FTSE 250, which includes the next 250 largest companies after the FTSE 100 and the FTSE SmallCap, which includes the next smaller group of companies. The FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 make up the FTSE 350, and together with the FTSE SmallCap comprise the FTSE All-Share. The level of the FTSE 100 is calculated using the total market capitalization of the constituent companies and the index value.﻿﻿﻿ Total market capitalization changes with individual share prices of the indexed companies throughout the trading day, so the index value also changes. The FTSE reviews the components of the FTSE 100 quarterly to ensure it includes the highest market cap companies.﻿﻿﻿ FTSE also researches and publishes many other indices that track a wide range of securities and financial instruments

Footsie

Located in Frankfurt, Germany, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FRA) is one of the largest and most efficient trading facilities in the world

Located in Frankfurt, Germany, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FRA) is one of the largest and most efficient trading facilities in the world. Borse Frankfurt is open from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
The DAX (Deutscher Aktien Index) is an index on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FRA) that consists of 30 blue chip German companies taken from Xetra. The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FRA) is Germany's largest stock exchange and the twelfth largest in the world by market cap. Located in Frankfurt, Germany, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FRA) is one of the largest and most efficient trading facilities in the world. The DAX index was created in 1988 and accounts for approximately 75% of the market cap on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FRA).

Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FRA)

A free-float methodology is a system by which the market capitalization of an index's companies is determined. 

The free-float methodology is a method of calculating the market capitalization of a stock market index's underlying companies. According to some experts, the free-float method is considered to be a better way of calculating market capitalization (as opposed to the full-market capitalization method, for example).
Full-market capitalization includes all of the shares provided by a company through its stock issuance plan. The free-float methodology can be contrasted with the full-market capitalization method, which takes into its calculation both active and inactive shares when determining market capitalization. Rather than using all of the shares (both active and inactive shares), as is the case with the full-market capitalization method, the free-float method excludes locked-in shares, such as those held by insiders, promoters, and governments. With the free-float methodology, market capitalization is calculated by taking the equity's price and multiplying it by the number of shares readily available in the market.

Free-Float Methodology

A friendly takeover occurs when a target company's management and board of directors agree to a merger or acquisition proposal by another company.

A friendly takeover is the act of target company's management and board of directors agreeing to be absorbed by an acquiring company. Friendly takeover deals must achieve regulatory approval by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ).
Friendly takeovers stand in stark contrast to hostile takeovers, where the company being acquired does not approve of the buyout, and often fights against the acquisition.
A friendly takeover is typically subject to approval by both the target company’s shareholders and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). A friendly takeover is the act of target company's management and board of directors agreeing to be absorbed by an acquiring company. Friendly takeovers are subject to approval by the target company's shareholders, who generally greenlight deals only if they believe the price per share offer is reasonable. Friendly takeovers stand in stark contrast to hostile takeovers, where the company being acquired does not approve of the buyout, and often fights against the acquisition.

Friendly Takeover

Financial Times Stock Exchange Group (FTSE) is a British company specializing in index offerings for the global financial markets.

The Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE), now known as FTSE Russell Group, is a British financial organization that specializes in providing index offerings for the global financial markets. All four of these indexes have index fund offerings in the Vanguard FTSE 100 (VUKE), Vanguard FTSE 250 (VMID), the iShares 350 U.K. Equity Index Fund, and the Vanguard FTSE UK All Share Index Unit Trust.
The year the FTSE 100 Index was launched in its current form.
Some of the other popular FTSE Russell indices include:
FTSE Nasdaq 500
FTSE AIM 100
FTSE RAFI US 1000
FTSE4Good Indices
FTSE Dividend Growth
Russell Top 200
Russell 3000
Russell 2000
Russell 1000
Russell Equal Weight Indices
Russell Geographic Exposure Indices The FTSE Group's most popular indexes—in addition to the FTSE 100—are the FTSE 250, the FTSE 350, and the FTSE All-Share. Although the FTSE offers many indexes, its two most well-known indexes are the FTSE 100, which is comprised of the most highly capitalized blue-chip stocks listed on the London Stock Exchange, and the Russell 2000 Index, a small-cap stock market index of the smallest 2,000 stocks in the Russell 3000 Index. As of January 2021, the top 5 FTSE 100 holdings by market cap were:
1.  ROYAL DUTCH SHELL
2.  UNILEVER
3.  HSBC HOLDINGS PLC
4.  ASTRAZENECA
5.  (BP.L) BP PLC
The FTSE 100 is often considered a leading indicator of prosperity for the companies in the U.K. and the U.K. economy in general. As such, it typically draws investors looking for exposure to big U.K. companies.

Financial Times Stock Exchange Group (FTSE)

The General Motors Indicator is based on the theory that the company's performance is a pre-cursor to the health of the U.S. economy and stock market.

Animated Chart of the Day: Market Shares of US Auto Sales, 1961 to 2018

GM to Launch Largest U.S. Initial Public Offering of 2010 at the NYSE

The term General Motors indicator refers to an economic indicator that directly links the success and failure of GM to the performance of the U.S. economy and stock market. On Nov. 16, 2010, one year after filing for bankruptcy, GM raised an estimated $20.1 billion in its IPO, making it one of the largest IPOs ever.
While GM still makes up an important part of the U.S. economy, it's clear the overall market and economy rely less on the performance of one automaker than it did in the 1970s. The General Motors Indicator directly links the success and failure of GM to the performance of the U.S. economy and the stock market as a whole. The indicator suggests that when consumer confidence is high, people are more likely to make big purchases like new cars, leading to a flourishing economy and stock market.

General Motors Indicator

The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is a member of the HKEX Group and the leading venue for capital raising activity for Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese issuers.

HKEx Stock Options: Introductory Guide to the Stock Options Corner

HKEX Hosts Event to Mark End of Its Floor Trading

Listing Rules, Interpretation and Guidance, Chapter 8

The Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKG) .HK is a member of the HKEX Group and the leading venue for capital raising activity for Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese issuers. A second market opened in 1921, and in 1947 the two merged to form the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.﻿﻿ The exchange introduced automated ordering in 1993 and stock option trading in 1995.﻿﻿ ﻿﻿ It merged with the Hong Kong Futures Exchange and the Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company in 2000 to form Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Ltd., One of the world's largest securities markets by market capitalization, the Hong Kong Stock Exchange traces its origins to the founding of China's first formal securities market, the Association of Stockbrokers in Hong Kong, in 1891. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKG) .HK is a member of the HKEX Group and the leading venue for capital raising activity for Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese issuers. Several of the top listed companies by market capitalization are banks and insurance companies from Mainland China, such as the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Construction Bank, Bank of China, and Ping An Insurance.

Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKG) .HK

The Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), created a merger, handles securities transactions in the country. 

Indonesia Stock Exchange Annual Report 2020

The Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) handles securities transactions in the country of Indonesia. Emerging markets generally do not have the level of market efficiency and strict standards in accounting and securities regulation to be on par with advanced economies (such as the United States, Europe, and Japan), but emerging markets do typically have a physical, financial infrastructure, including banks, a stock exchange, and a unified currency.
The IDX has strived to become a credible and acknowledged world-class stock exchange. The Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) was created by the merger of the Jakarta Stock Exchange (JSX) and the Surabaya Stock Exchange (SSX). In its annual report of 2020, the key achievements for the IDX included the following:
Listed 51 new companies, 110.87% higher than targeted
Ranked seventh IPO in the world
Increase of 56% of investors, highest since 2016
IDX recorded highest daily trading frequency on December22, 2020 in history of Indonesian Capital Market In 2007, the Jakarta Stock Exchange merged with the Surabaya Stock Exchange to form the Indonesia Stock Exchange.

Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) .ID

Linkage is the ability to buy a security on one financial exchange and sell the same security on another exchange. 

Linkage is the ability to buy a security on one financial exchange and sell that same security on another exchange. Here, “linkages” between established (or formal) financial services institutions and less established (or informal) financial institutions combine to provide financial services to those who may otherwise not have the opportunity to receive them. Certain depositary receipts, such as American Depositary Receipts (ADRs), allow for linkage, which means that an investor can purchase shares of a company on a foreign exchange, such as the Toronto Stock Exchange, and then sell those shares on a domestic exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange. The strengths of one complement the weaknesses of the other, which enables the linked institutions to offer millions of unserviced people the opportunity to receive financial services, such as loans, transfers, savings instruments, and more, through the linked relationship between established and less established financial institutions. Because a security’s price may be different on various exchanges, an investor might profit by selling the stock for a higher price on one exchange than for which they bought it on another exchange, thus creating an arbitrage opportunity.

Linkage

A medallion signature guarantee is a special certification stamp that guarantees a signature that authorizes an authentic transfer of securities.

A medallion signature guarantee is one of several special certification stamps that guarantees a signature that authorizes a transfer of securities is authentic. In order to provide a Medallion signature guarantee, an institution must be a member of one of three Medallion signature guarantee programs: the Securities Transfer Agents Medallion Program, the Stock Exchanges Medallion Program, and the New York Stock Exchange Medallion Signature Program. To provide a Medallion signature guarantee, an institution must be a member of one of three Medallion signature guarantee programs. Key information on a share certificate generally includes the following:
Certificate number
Company name and registration number
Shareholder name and address
Number of shares owned
Class of shares
Issue date of shares
Amount paid (or treated as paid) on the shares Parties will generally require a medallion signature guarantee when an owner wants to sell or transfer securities, such as stocks or bonds, held in physical certificate form.

Medallion Signature Guarantee

A member is a brokerage firm (or broker) holding membership on an organized stock or commodities exchange. 

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The term member firm refers to a brokerage or financial firm with membership to at least one organized stock exchange, commodities exchange, or another type of securities exchange. A broker becomes a member by filling out the appropriate NYSE form, such as a securities lending representative agreement, an equity trading license application, or a one-day equity trading license application and mailing it with a check to the NYSE.
The NYSE ceased selling seats in 2006 when it became a for-profit company. A firm that is a FINRA, Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX), or Bernie Exchange (BX) member becomes a Nasdaq member by completing the Nasdaq waive-in membership application and agreement along with the Nasdaq services agreement and submitting both with a check for $2,000. Because of the increasing globalization of financial markets, both the Nasdaq and NYSE are establishing partnerships with other stock exchanges: the Nasdaq is partnered with the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and the Nasdaq OMX 100 Index; the NYSE is partnered with the Tokyo Stock Exchange and Euronext. The term member firm refers to a brokerage or financial firm with membership to at least one organized stock exchange, commodities exchange, or another type of securities exchange.

Member

The Mexican Stock Exchange (Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, or BMV) is Mexico's full-service securities exchange.

Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (Mexican Stock Exchange)

Equity Capital Markets in Mexico: Regulatory Overview

Corporate Governance and Initial Public Offerings

Mexico's BMV Stock Exchange Prices Shares in IPO

Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, S.A.B. de C.V. (BOLSAA.MX) Mexico - Mexico Delayed Price. Currency in MXN

The Mexican Stock Exchange (BMV) is the country's only full-service securities exchange and is Latin America's second-largest stock exchange. The Mexican Stock Exchange, known as the _Bolsa Mexicana de Valores_ (BMV) in Spanish, is headquartered in Mexico City and is the country's main full-service securities exchange. BMV itself became a public company following an IPO in 2008, after which it was listed on its own stock exchange. The BMV is presently the second-largest stock exchange in Latin America (after Brazil) in terms of market capitalization of listed companies.

Mexican Stock Exchange (BMV) .MX

The Milan Stock Exchange is Italy's securities market. It merged with the London Stock Exchange in 2007. 

A Journey Through The History of The Italian Stock Exchange

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The History Of Italian Stock Exchange: The Birth (1808-1814)

Traders can trade stocks, exchange-traded funds, bonds, derivatives, and other financial instruments on the exchange. A publication detailing the fees and requirements for listing and placing trading instruments on the exchange is available directly through the exchange. In 2003, the exchange introduced a strategic planning guide intended to help companies prepare their analysis and reports to support their application for listing on the exchange. The LSE Group announced it was selling the Milan Stock Exchange to Euronext—the largest stock exchange in Europe—for €4.325 billion.

Milan Stock Exchange (MIL)

The NASDAQ-100 Equal Weighted Index is an equal-weighted version of the NASDAQ-100, a group of the largest and most frequently traded stocks on the NASDAQ.

NASDAQ-100 Equal Weighted (NDXE): Industry Breakdown

The NASDAQ-100 Equal Weighted Index is a version of the NASDAQ-100 Index. The index is constructed on a modified capitalization methodology, meaning individual weights are according to market capitalization with constraints to limit the influence of the largest companies. While there is no minimum requirement for market capitalization, the index itself represents the top 100 largest companies listed on the Nasdaq. The NASDAQ-100 Equal Weighted Index offers an alternative to market capitalization weighting, which is a more common method of weighting index funds. The Nasdaq 100 is traded through the Invesco Trust QQQ, designed to track the performance of the 100 largest companies on the Nasdaq exchange.

NASDAQ-100 Equal Weighted Index

Normal market size is a share classification structure based on the number of shares outstanding.

Normal market size is a share classification structure based on the number of shares outstanding. If a trader wants to buy or sell more than 3,000 shares, this may be possible, but the trader may have to pay more than the quoted price for the shares or accept less than the quoted price to sell the shares. Normal market size (NMS) is the minimum number of securities for which a market maker is obliged to quote firm bid and ask prices. In such a scenario, a trader should be able to buy or sell up to 3,000 shares of Company X via that market maker at the quoted prices. Market makers cannot offer set bid and ask prices for an indefinite number of shares, but they must offer enough shares to keep trade flowing and markets liquid.

Normal Market Size

The New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX) is New Zealand's national stock exchange that provides a market for investors to trade stocks and other assets.

The New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX)—also known as New Zealand's Exchange—is the national stock exchange for New Zealand. The New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX), based in Wellington, consists of the NZX Main Board, the NZX Debt Market, the NZX Dairy Derivatives, the NZX Equity Derivatives, and the Fonterra Shareholders' Market. The New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX)—also known as New Zealand's Exchange—is the national stock exchange for New Zealand. The New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX)—commonly known as New Zealand's Exchange—is the national stock exchange for New Zealand. In 2003, the New Zealand Stock Exchange formally changed its name to the New Zealand Exchange Limited, trading as NZX.

New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX)

The Order Audit Trail System (OATS) is a computer system used to record orders, quotes, and related trade information for NMS stocks in the United States.

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Table of Contents
Order Audit Trail System (OATS)
Understanding the OATS
OATS Reporting Procedures
CAT vs. OATS
Example of an Order Audit Trail Information collected on the OATS report includes:
Order identifier.
Identification of the security being traded.
Market participant symbol or identifier.
Terms of the order, such as buy, sell, sell short, the price, the number of shares, account type, and order type, for example.
Date and time the order originated. If a firm has a hard time recording or submitting all the information that OATS requires, the firm can hire a third party to submit the data on their behalf. This allows FINRA to monitor the trading practices of member firms, which are required to capture and report trade data to OATS.

Order Audit Trail System (OATS)

When used as a fifth-letter identifier in a ticker symbol, the letter P typically indicates that a security is a first preferred issue.

When used as the fifth letter in a ticker symbol, the letter P indicates that a security is a first-preferred stock issue. When used as the fifth letter in a ticker symbol, the letter P indicates that a security is a first-preferred stock issue. However, bondholders have priority over preferred stockholders, and preferred stock dividends can be withheld at the company's discretion. Preferred shares are equity shares that behave slightly like fixed income in that they grant higher priority than common shareholders and pay regular dividends higher than on common shares. When used as the fifth letter in a ticker symbol, the letter P indicates that a security is a first-preferred issue.

P (Fifth-Letter Identifier)

The now-defunct Pacific Exchange (PCX) was one of four U.S. exchanges to trade equity options and the first to implement an electronic trading system.

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Close of an Era / Chicago Firm to Buy Pacific Exchange Options Operation

The Pacific Exchange (PCX) However, the Los Angeles and the Pine Street, San Francisco trading floors closed in the early 2000s when the PCX sold its stock trading operations to the Archipelago Exchange (ArcaEx), Archipelago Holdings, a leading electronic-trading firm based in Chicago. When Archipelago Holdings Inc. absorbed PCX totally in 2005, Arca agreed to pay PCX’s parent company, PCX Holdings, $50.7 million to acquire its two key assets: its electronic system used for trading stock options, and the self-regulatory license that has allowed the exchange to self-police its operations. But while equity trading on the Pacific Exchange takes place only through NYSE ARCA, the Pacific Exchange continues to run its options business out of the Mills Building, its historic Montgomery Street HQ, in San Franciso. At its height, the Pacific Exchange was trading more than 2,700 stocks, bonds, and other securities on trading floors in San Francisco and Los Angeles.

Pacific Exchange (PCX)

A perpetual preferred stock is a type of preferred stock that pays a fixed dividend to the investor for as long as the company is in business.

Perpetual preferred stock is a type of preferred stock that pays a fixed dividend to investors for as long as the company remains in business. Perpetual preferred stock doesn't have a maturity, or specific buyback date but does have redemption features.
Perpetual preferred stock has characteristics that are similar to a bond with an extremely long maturity date. A perpetual preferred stock is a type of preferred stock that pays a fixed dividend to the investor for as long as the company is in business. Perpetual preferred stock is a type of preferred stock that pays a fixed dividend to investors for as long as the company remains in business. There are two types of preferred stocks—perpetual and nonperpetual. Perpetual preferred stock does not have an expiration date and pays the investor a fixed dividend for as long as the issuing company is in existence.

Perpetual Preferred Stock

The Philadelphia Stock Exchange, now known as Nasdaq OMX PHLX, is the oldest U.S. stock exchange but now focuses on equity, currency and index options.

The Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX), located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was the first official U.S. securities exchange, formed in 1790. PHLX KBW Bank Index (BKX)
PHLX KBW Insurance Index (KIX)
PHLX KBW Mortgage Finance Index (MFX)
PHLX KBW Regional Banking Index (KRX)
PHLX Chemical Sector Index (XCM)
PHLX Defense Sector Index (DFX)
PHLX Drug Sector Index (RXS)
PHLX Europe Sector Index (XEX)
PHLX Gold/Silver Sector Index (XAU)
PHLX Housing Sector Index (HGX)
PHLX Marine Shipping Sector Index (SHX)
PHLX Medical Device Sector Index (MXZ)
PHLX Oil Service Sector Index (OSX)
PHLX Retail Sector Index (XRE)
PHLX Semiconductor Sector Index (SOX)
PHLX Sports Sector Index (SXP)
PHLX Utility Sector Index (UTY)
SIG Gaming Index (SGV)
SIG KCI Coal Index (SCP)
SIG Oil Exploration & Production Index (EPX)
SIG Railroad Index (SRW)
SIG Steel Producers Index (STQ) The PHLX maintains an extensive library of sector indexes, including the very widely followed PHLX KBW Bank Index (BKX), the PHLX Gold/ Silver Sector Index (XAU) and the PHLX Semiconductor Sector Index (SOX). In 2008, the Nasdaq OMX Group bought the PHLX and changed the stock exchange's name to the Nasdaq OMX PHLX and its focus to options. It was one of the first exchanges to embrace electronic trading, when, in 1975, it introduced a stock order routing and execution system called PACE
Today, the exchange focuses on equity, currency, and index options rather than stock trading.

Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX)

Pink sheets are listings for stocks that trade over-the-counter (OTC) in the U.S. rather than on a major stock exchange. Most are penny stocks.

NYSE Arca Equities: Listing Fees as of June 30, 2020

Although some penny stocks trade on large exchanges such as the NYSE, most penny stocks trade via OTC or over the counter through pink sheet listings or the OTC Bulletin Board (OTCBB).
Pink sheet listings usually consist of even smaller-company stocks called penny stocks. Pink sheets are listings for stocks that trade over-the-counter (OTC).
Pink sheet listings are not listed on a major U.S. stock exchange.
Most pink sheet stocks are small-company penny stocks. Fewer regulations and requirements can lead to outdated or incorrect information given to the investor.
Pink sheet stocks trade thinly making it hard for an investor to buy or sell shares at will.
Pink sheet listing is prone to fraud. These companies do not need to file the required documentation with the SEC.﻿﻿﻿﻿ To list on the Pink Sheets a business must file Form 211, which includes some financial information, with the OTC Compliance Unit.
Companies are not obligated to make their financial situations transparent to investors or the broker-dealers who market their products.
These companies are even smaller than those that list on the OTCBB.

Pink Sheets

Pre-market is trading activity that occurs before the regular market session; it typically occurs between 8:00 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. EST each trading day.

After Hours Trading: A Very Small Step by the Big Board

The pre-market is the period of trading activity that occurs before the regular market session. Over the years, as exchanges became increasingly computerized and the Internet's reach spread across borders, NYSE began extending the number of hours of trading available for trading, eventually allowing pre-market trading between the hours of 4 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. Many investors and traders watch the pre-market trading activity to judge the strength and direction of the market in anticipation for the regular trading session. The pre-market trading session typically occurs between 8:00 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. EST each trading day. Many retail brokers offer pre-market trading but may limit the types of orders that can be used during the pre-market period.

Pre-Market : Trading Before the Open

A primary exchange facilitates the listing of new companies and the exchange of stocks, bonds, and other securities.

A primary exchange is the most important stock exchange in a given country. Other primary exchanges around the world include the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) in Canada, the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) in Japan, the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) in China, and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in India, to name a few. Examples of primary exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange, the London Stock Exchange, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange. For example, prior to listing on the LSE, a company must have a minimum market capitalization of over £700,000, three years of audited financial statements, and a minimum free float of 25%.
The NYSE and BSE also require newly listed companies to meet minimum market capitalization and public float conditions. Primary exchanges often have a long history, listings from the most prominent companies in a variety of sectors and industries, significant listings from international companies, and a large total market cap.

Primary Exchange

A primary listing is the main stock exchange, like the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), wherein a publicly traded company's stock is bought and sold.

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A primary listing is the main stock exchange where a public company's stock is traded. In order to be listed on more than one exchange, a practice called dual listing or cross-listing, the company must meet the requirements to be listed on these other exchanges, such as company size and liquidity of shares.
Dual listing is attractive to many non-U.S. companies because of the depth of the capital markets in the U.S., the world's largest economy. A foreign company may seek an ordinary listing, the most prestigious type of listing, on an exchange such as the NYSE or Nasdaq, but the requirements to do so are stringent.﻿﻿﻿﻿ In addition to meeting the exchange's listing criteria, the foreign company must also satisfy U.S. regulatory requirements, restate its financials, and arrange for clearing and settlement of its trades.﻿﻿ In addition to its primary listing, a stock may trade on other exchanges with secondary listings to increase liquidity and investor reach.
Stocks first become available on an exchange as part of a primary listing after a company conducts its initial public offering (IPO). Only when an exchange's listing requirements are met can a company list shares on that exchange for trading.

Stock Markets

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