Automated Confirmation Transaction Service (ACT) helps report trades electronically that are executed on the NASDAQ stock exchange.

Nasdaq to Incorporate Trade Acceptance and Reconciliation Service into Automated Confirmation Transaction Service

Automated Confirmation Transaction (ACT) Service is an automated data system designed to document and report the clearing of trades on exchanges owned and operated by Nasdaq, which compares trade information entered by ACT participants and submits "locked-in" trades to National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCC) for clearance and settlement; transmits reports of the transactions automatically to the National Trade Reporting System, if required, for dissemination to the public and the industry; and provides participants with monitoring and risk management capabilities to facilitate participation in a "locked-in" trading environment. Designed to increase transparency, the Automated Confirmation Transaction (ACT) Service is a technology platform that provides faster access to trade information, increase the efficiency of trade reconciliation and back-office transactions and provides online access to the status of all trade entries. Upon execution and receipt by Nasdaq of the ACT Participant application agreement, an ACT Participant may commence input and validation of trade information in ACT eligible securities. According to the SEC, participation in ACT is mandatory for all brokers that are members of a clearing agency registered with the Commission pursuant to Section 17A of the Securities and Exchange Act, and for all brokers that have a clearing arrangement with such a broker. ACT Participants may access the service via Nasdaq terminals or Workstations or through computer interface during the hours of operation specified in the ACT Users Guide.

Automated Confirmation Transaction Service - ACT

Aggregation is a principal combing all futures positions owned or controlled by a single trader or the consolidation of client data by a financial advisor.

Aggregation in the futures markets is a process that combines of all futures positions owned or controlled by a single trader or group of traders into one aggregate position. Also, it adds an additional level of protection for the client._
_Advisors and planners hit a wall when their clients do not give them full access, and they argue that it does not allow them the full-picture view needed to give accurate advice on their client's finances._
_Aggregation is beneficial for both parties but the edge goes to the financial advisor, who may or may not see a gap in a client's servicing where they might be able to upsell a product or service._ Financial advisors use account-aggregation technology to gather position and transaction information from investors’ retail accounts held at other financial institutions. Aggregation is increasingly popular with advisors when servicing clients’ accounts, as they are able to discuss the accounts with the client in a cleaner, more easily understood way before they break down the account into its respective categories. Additionally, non-managed accounts contain assets that are not under the advisor's management but are nevertheless important to the client’s financial plan.

Aggregation

All-in-one PCs (AIO PCs) are desktop computers that integrate into one product all of the components of a computer except for the keyboard and mouse.

All-in-One PCs (AIO PCs) are streamlined desktop computers that integrate all of the components of a traditional desktop computer, except for the keyboard and mouse, into one single unit. All-in-One PCs (AIO PCs) are streamlined desktop computers that integrate all of the components of a traditional desktop computer, except for the keyboard and mouse, into one single unit. All-in-One (AIO) PCs are personal computers that have incorporated many components of a traditional desktop computer into a single, compact unit. Because they use components designed for mobile computers to keep their size small, AIO PCs tend to be more expensive and not always to the same level of performance as standard desktops. Many AIO PCs feature integrated touch screen monitors, touch-pads, and solid-state disk drives and memory.

All-in-on (AIO) PC

Banknet is a global network operated by MasterCard that facilitates the routing of credit card transactions for authorization around the world.

Banknet is a global payments network operated by MasterCard that facilitates authorization of credit card transactions from almost any point in the world. Banknet is one of the world's largest global telecommunications networks and links all MasterCard members and data processing centers into a single financial network. According to MasterCard, the network’s hub and data warehouse are considered, “one of the most robust data centers in the world.” Banknet is a global payments network operated by MasterCard that facilitates authorization of credit card transactions from almost any point in the world. The network relies on over 1,000 data centers located throughout the world that function as endpoints or nodes in the network.

Banknet

A black box model is a system using inputs and outputs to create useful information, without any knowledge of its internal workings.

A black box model, or more specifically a black box financial model, is a catch-all term used to describe a computer program designed to transform various data into useful investment strategies.
In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a device, system, or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs, without any knowledge of its internal workings. A black box model, or more specifically a black box financial model, is a catch-all term used to describe a computer program designed to transform various data into useful investment strategies.
In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a device, system, or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs, without any knowledge of its internal workings. Hedge funds and some of the world’s largest investment managers now routinely use a black box or black box like model to manage their complicated investment strategies. Investors using black box methods conceal their true risk under the guise of proprietary technology, leaving regulators, and investors without a true picture of operations which is needed to assess risk accurately. Advancements in computing power, big data applications, and now artificial intelligence and machine learning are further adding to the mystique of black box models using sophisticated quantitative methods.

Black Box Model

A chatbot is a computer program that simulates human conversation through voice commands or text chats or both.

Thinking Capital launches AI-powered chatbot

A chatbot is a computer program that simulates human conversation through voice commands or text chats or both. Using the Messenger bot, users can buy shoes from Spring, order a ride from Uber, and have election conversations with the _New York Times_ which used the Messenger bot to cover the 2016 presidential election between Hilary Clinton and Donald Trump. An example of a limited bot is an automated banking bot that asks the caller some questions to understand what the caller wants to be done. Facebook has a machine learning chatbot that creates a platform for companies to interact with their consumers through the Facebook Messenger application. Some examples of chatbot technology are virtual assistants like Amazon's Alexa and Google Assistant, and messaging apps, such as WeChat and Facebook messenger.

Chatbot

Circle is a financial services company that makes products using blockchain technology.

CENTRE, New Markets, App Messaging, and Bitcoin Changes

Circle to Sunset Payment App, Continue Advancing Vision of Crypto-Based Payment Solutions Using Fiat Tokens

Programmable Dollars for Your Internet Business

Circle Announces USD Coin, Bitmain Partnership, and New Strategic Financing

USDC: the Fastest Growing, Fully Reserved Digital Dollar Stablecoin

Free Cross Border Payments, European Growth, Product Features and New Services

Circle is a Boston-based financial services company that uses blockchain technology for its peer-to-peer payments and cryptocurrency\-related products. Circle’s main product was an app called Circle Pay that enabled instant and free money transfer between individuals. Circle started as a consumer peer-to-peer cryptocurrency payments and exchange platform, sponsoring the popular cryptocurrency exchange Poloniex after the exchange experienced hardship 2017, and which was later spun out in October 2019. Circle is a Boston-based financial services company that uses blockchain technology for its peer-to-peer payments and cryptocurrency\-related products. Circle’s technology and idea of using blockchain-based tokens is similar to that of Ripple, another company focused on reducing the cost of international money transfer.

Circle (Financial Services Company)

Circle Pay is a peer-to-peer money transfer app that uses blockchain technology to enable free transactions. 

Circle Pay is a peer-to-peer money transfer app developed by Circle, a Boston-based financial services company. They have the option of storing balances within the Circle Pay app or transferring them out of the app and conducting their transactions directly from the linked account or debit card.
The app is used for daily transactions, such as splitting meal costs or making rent payments. Circle Pay is a peer-to-peer money transfer app developed by Circle, a Boston-based financial services company. Circle Pay uses ethereum’s blockchain platform to enable free money transfers on its app. Circle Pay can be used to send and request money domestically and abroad using either a contact’s phone number or email without incurring charges for the transfer.

What Is the Circle Pay App?

A collaborative economy is a marketplace where consumers rely on each other instead of large companies to meet their wants and needs.

A collaborative economy is a marketplace where consumers rely on each other instead of large companies to meet their wants and needs. There are services like Taskrabbit which lets consumers hire individuals to complete tasks ranging from running errands to assembling furniture; Crowdfunding services like Lending Club which connect people who need to borrow money with numerous individuals who collectively fund loans; Room rental services like Airbnb that lets property owners earn extra income by renting out their spare rooms or entire homes to travelers; and peer-to-peer marketplaces such as Poshmark, used for reselling high quality used clothing.
Rideshare apps, crowdfunding platforms, room rental services, and peer-to-peer marketplaces are all examples of collaborative economies. For example, through Uber, individuals with cars can provide rides to other individuals who want an inexpensive alternative to taxi service; through Craigslist, individuals buy used vehicles and rent out extra living spaces to each other; and consumers on Etsy buy jewelry and other handmade items from individual crafters. Collaborative economies consist of giving, swapping, borrowing, trading, renting, and sharing products and services for a fee, between an individual who has something and an individual who needs something—generally with the help of a web-based middleman. Essential to a collaborative economy is a company or group that acts as a middleman to facilitate consumers’ ability to rely on each other.

Collaborative Economy

CTP was a previous form of transferring funds electronically. This form of payment became obsolete due to its lack of flexibility.

Corporate Trade Payments: Hard Lessons in Product Design

TreasuryDirect (TD) Corporate Trade Exchange (CTX) Formatting Standard

The corporate trade payment (CTP) was a form of transferring funds electronically that is no longer in use today. The corporate trade payment (CTP) system was introduced in 1983 to address the limitations of the automated clearing house (ACH) system, which had been in place since 1974. Corporate trade payment (CTP) was an early form of commercial payments network that was built on top of the automated clearing house (ACH) system. In theory, this allowed the payor to include with their payment information any necessary _payment advice,_ or information that served to identify the reason for a payment and explain the amount of the payment. The CTP system was utilized by corporate and governmental entities to pay creditors using the automated clearing house (ACH) system.

Corporate Trade Payment (CTP)

Cost per click is an online advertising revenue model by which publishers charge advertisers each time a user clicks on a display ad.

Cost Per Click (CPC): Learn What Cost Per Click Means For CPC

Grow your business with Amazon Advertising

How blockchain will dominate the digital advertising industry in 2020

What Can Blockchain Really Do for Advertising in 2020?

Understanding CPC and CPM Pricing for Publishers

Amazon Advertising Costs: What Is the Average Cost of Amazon Ads?

Table of Contents
What Is Cost Per Click (CPC)? Understanding Cost Per Click (CPC)
Google AdSense
Alternatives Emerge
CPC vs. CPM
Advantages and Disadvantages of CPC Advertising
Cost Per Click FAQs
The Bottom Line
Cost per click (CPC) is an online advertising revenue model that websites use to bill advertisers based on the number of times visitors click on a display ad attached to their sites. The cost-per-click model is also known as pay-per-click (PPC),
Cost per click is commonly used by advertisers who have a set daily budget for a campaign. Google reportedly pays its publishers 68% of the revenue their sites earn and keeps 32%.
The ad auction on Google AdSense begins with Google selecting the pool of bidders from among all advertisers. The primary alternative is the cost per thousand (CPM) model, which charges by the number of ad impressions, or views, of the display ad, regardless of whether or not a viewer clicks on the ad.

Cost Per Click (CPC)

Data anonymization seeks to protect private or sensitive data by deleting or encrypting personally identifiable information from a database.

Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard

Data anonymization seeks to protect private or sensitive data by deleting or encrypting personally identifiable information from a database. As businesses, governments, healthcare systems, and other organizations increasingly store individuals' information on local or cloud servers, data anonymization is crucial to maintain data integrity and prevent security breaches. Data anonymization is carried out by most industries that deal with sensitive information such as the healthcare, financial, and digital media industries while promoting the integrity of data sharing. Data anonymization seeks to protect private or sensitive data by deleting or encrypting personally identifiable information from a database. Data anonymization refers to stripping or encrypting personal or identifying information from sensitive data.

Data Anonymization

A data warehouse is an electronic system for storing information in a manner that is secure, reliable, easy to retrieve, and easy to manage.

Data Warehouse vs. Database: 7 Key Differences

Table of Contents
Expand The data mining process breaks down into five steps:
1.  An organization collects data and loads it into a data warehouse.
2.  The data are then stored and managed, either on in-house servers or in a cloud service.
3.  Business analysts, management teams, and information technology professionals access and organize the data.
4.  Application software sorts the data.
5.  The end-user presents the data in an easy-to-share format, such as a graph or table. They include:
Determining the business objectives and its key performance indicators.
Collecting and analyzing the appropriate information.
Identifying the core business processes that contribute the key data.
Constructing a conceptual data model that shows how the data are displayed to the end-user. A data warehouse is not the same as a database:
A database is a transactional system that monitors and updates real-time data in order to have only the most recent data available. The Corporate Finance Institute identifies these potential disadvantages of maintaining a data warehouse:
It takes considerable time and effort to create and maintain the warehouse.
Gaps in information, caused by human error, can take years to surface, damaging the integrity and usefulness of the information.

Data Warehousing

In a decentralized market, technology enables investors to deal directly with each other instead of operating from within a centralized exchange.

The Future of Cryptocurrency: An Unregulated Instrument in an Increasingly Regulated Global Economy

In a decentralized market, technology enables investors to deal directly with each other instead of operating from within a centralized exchange. Decentralized markets can allow for transparency between parties, especially if they use technology that ensures all parties share mutually agreed-upon data and information.
Many users of the decentralized virtual markets perceive their lack of regulatory oversight as a benefit—or, freedom from third-party handlers. Virtual markets that use decentralized currency, or cryptocurrencies, are examples of decentralized markets. Most centralized, and some decentralized, markets use fiat currency—or physical money issued by a central bank, like U.S. dollars. The growth of markets that use the decentralized currencies for financial transactions has led to discussions about ways to introduce potential regulation.

Decentralized Market

Dematerialization, or DEMAT, is the transition away from paper certificates to a form of electronic record for stock transactions.

Dematerialization (DEMAT) is the move from physical certificates to electronic bookkeeping. Through dematerialization, so-called DEMAT accounts allow for electronic transactions when shares of stock are bought and sold. The use of dematerialization and DEMAT accounts is comparable to using a bank and bank accounts to maintain one’s assets rather than personally storing and exchanging paper money each time a transaction is made. The benefits of dematerialization can also include increased security and surety of transactions and the elimination of steps that could slow down the process of clearing transactions. Dematerialization (DEMAT) is the move from physical certificates to electronic bookkeeping.

Dematerialization (DEMAT)

A digital transaction is a seamless system involving one or more participants, where transactions are effected without the need for cash.

Table of Contents
What Is a Digital Transaction?
Understanding Digital Transactions
How Digital Transactions Work The e-commerce portal has provided a means by which buyers and sellers can engage in digital transactions; cloud service platforms have provided a digital process for storing data; crowdfunding gateways have provided a means by which individuals and startups can have access to funds; peer-to-peer lending forums have provided a way for individuals to lend to and borrow from each other without the hassles of the traditional banking regulation; roboadvising tools have provided a way for individuals to plan their retirement phase; etc. To include Jane in the digital finance world, Future Bank gives Jane a debit card linked automatically to her checking account. The digital transaction involves a constantly evolving way of doing things where financial technology (fintech) companies collaborate with various sectors of the economy for the purpose of meeting the increasingly sophisticated demands of the growing tech-savvy users. The example of a digital transaction above was made to show how the benefits of technology adaptation outweigh the costs for businesses, financial institutions, and end-users.

Digital Transaction

Distributed Applications (DApps) are software applications that are stored mostly on cloud computing platforms and that run on multiple systems simultaneously.

Rather than the conventional client-server network adopted by most centralized organizations, blockchains run on a peer-to-peer network where transactional information carried out between two parties is recorded and shared across multiple computers on the network. Other reasons why a firm in the financial sector may want to integrate ĐApps include reducing the number of intermediaries involved in a financial transaction, providing clients with access to cryptocurrencies, and creating access to groups such as peer-to-peer (P2P) lending groups. Blockchain-based systems have been the platforms upon which many ĐApps have been built and deployed; however, ĐApps can also run on cloud platforms or other network architectures. These distributed systems operate on the same network and communicate with each other in an effort to complete a specific task or command—unlike a traditional app, which utilizes one dedicated system to achieve an assigned task.

Distributed Applications (ĐApps)

A dual interface chip card is a credit or debit card with an embedded chip that allows the card to be used in both contact and contactless transactions. 

Smart Card Market Worth $16.9 Billion by 2026: MarketsandMarkets

A dual interface chip card is a credit or debit card with a single embedded chip that allows the card to be used in both contact and contactless transactions. The chip works in traditional physical EMV readers but also has radio technology that allows for no-contact use.
Dual interface cards generally cost approximately twice as much to produce as a chip card.
The demand for contactless connectivity in 2020 hastened the adoption and issuance of dual interface chip cards.
Credit and debit cards have traditionally required a user to swipe the card through an electronic terminal. Overall, having a contactless chip and/or an EMV chip, and a magnetic strip allows the cardholder to complete transactions on a wider variety of machines in a highly secure manner.
The chip component of the dual interface card is typically embedded in an outer layer of PVC, polycarbonate, or polyester.
Contactless chip cards allow identifying information to be easily read by a sensor. A dual interface chip card is a credit or debit card with a single embedded chip that allows the card to be used in both contact and contactless transactions. A dual interface chip card is a credit or debit card with a single embedded chip that allows the card to be used in both contact and contactless transactions.

Dual Interface Chip Card

An eavesdropping attack is the theft of information from a smartphone or other device while the user is sending or receiving data over a network.

An eavesdropping attack, also known as a sniffing or snooping attack, is a theft of information as it is transmitted over a network by a computer, smartphone, or another connected device. The passwords for these public networks are readily available, so an eavesdropper can simply log on and, using free software, monitor network activity and steal login credentials along with any data that other users transmit over the network. An eavesdropping attack, also known as a sniffing or snooping attack, is a theft of information as it is transmitted over a network by a computer, smartphone, or another connected device. (Some reported incidents that make it appear that the companies carried out the snooping themselves appear to have been accidents caused by mistakes in speech recognition.)
Another way to limit your vulnerability to an attack is to make sure your phone is running the most recent version available of its operating system. Eavesdropping attacks can be prevented by using a personal firewall, keeping antivirus software updated, and using a virtual private network (VPN).
Using a strong password and changing it frequently helps, too.

Eavesdropping Attack

eIDV (Electronic Identity Verification) is the use of public and private databases to quickly confirm whether an individual is who they claim to be.

eIDV (Electronic Identity Verification) makes use of publicly available data as well as private databases to quickly verify the identity of an individual. Electronic identity verification matches the data provided by an individual, such as name, date of birth, address, and SSN, against various databases to determine if there is a match.
Personal documents that can serve as sources of data for the verification service include driver’s licenses, passports, birth certificates, and citizenship certificates.
Various types of databases, both public and proprietary, may be used in eIDV, including credit bureau data, police data, and vehicle history data.
Data that can be used as sources of verification include change of address data, postal data, property ownership data, direct marketing data, credit bureau data, electoral roll data, utility data (e.g., phone, natural gas, electricity and/or water service), telecommunications records, and government data (such as driver’s license, passport, national ID and national insurance numbers). eIDV makes use of both public and private data sources in order to match individuals based on several criteria including name, sex, address, date of birth, and so on. eIDV (Electronic Identity Verification) makes use of publicly available data as well as private databases to quickly verify the identity of an individual. eIDV uses personal information such as name, date of birth, Social Security number, and address among other data fields.

eIDV (Electronic Identity Verification)

The Electronic Payments Network (EPN) is one of two clearing houses in the United States that process all automated clearing house transactions.

The Electronic Payments Network is a financial clearinghouse that handles electronic funds transfers for the private sector.
The network facilitates bulk credit and debit transactions, such as payroll deposits and loan payments. As mentioned above, credit transactions include things such as payroll, social security, tax refund, and dividend deposits while debit transactions include withdrawals like loan payments, insurance premiums, mortgage payments, and utility bills. All ACH transactions are sorted and made available by the operator to the receiving depository financial institution (RDFI).
7.  The receiver's account is debited or credited by the RDFI, according to the type of ACH entry. The automated clearinghouse is a network that facilitates the electronic transfer of money from one account to another by allowing financial institutions to execute bulk transfers electronically—either credit or debit transactions.

Electronic Payments Network (EPN)

Facebook credits were a virtual currency which could be used to buy goods in online games through the social networking platform, Facebook. 

Local Currency Payments Preview for Game Developers

Platform Updates: Operation Developer Love

Facebook credits were virtual and could be used to buy goods in online games through the social networking platform, Facebook. Instead of users buying things on Facebook's ecosystem using their local currency, Facebook launched Credits, an intermediary proprietary virtual currency that cost USD $0.10 each, and which could then be spent on virtual goods or game-specific currency. The platform's beta stage ended around January 2011, at which point Facebook announced that it was requiring all Facebook game developers to process transactions exclusively with Facebook credits. Facebook credits were a relatively short-lived proprietary payments scheme used on Facebook's platform to pay for virtual or in-game items or services. Facebook credits were virtual and could be used to buy goods in online games through the social networking platform, Facebook.

Facebook Credits

Financial portals provide a variety of financial data and information and act as an information hub for investors.

Financial portals are websites or apps that provide a variety of financial data and information all in one place. Their financial portal includes elements such as: an organizer, which connects all accounts and information for an organized, consolidated view; a financial workshop, which offers individualized tips on staying on target and managing financial goals; an education center, which offers a personalized library of videos, articles and resources; a vault, which clients can use to store sensitive documents that are available any time they need to access them; a spending tracker and other budgeting tools; digital post mail, which offers secure online delivery of a client's U.S. postal mail; and interactive charts and detailed views on a client's investments. Use of a financial portal offers benefits to financial services and institutions as well as investors, leveraging technology so that customers can have more control of their financial future and advisors can work more efficiently. Specifically, InetSoft offers features such as live chat with financial advisors, document or task management, calculators, asset views and estimates, on-demand reports or financial indexes, and financial-news tracking. A financial portal is a comprehensive online platform that aggregates financial and economic news and information for users to monitor and digest.

Financial Portal

Fintech, a portmanteau of 'financial technology,' is used describe new tech that seeks to improve and automate the delivery and use of financial services.

Oscar Health Raises $165 Million From Alphabet and Others

Marcus by Goldman Sachs Leverages Technology and Legacy of Financial Expertise in Dynamic Consumer Finance Platform

Table of Contents
What Is Financial Technology?
Understanding Fintech
Fintech in Practice
Fintech's Expanding Horizons
Fintech and New Tech Fintech Landscape
Fintech Users
Regulation and Fintech
Financial technology (Fintech) is used to describe new tech that seeks to improve and automate the delivery and use of financial services. Since the internet revolution and the mobile internet/smartphone revolution, however, financial technology has grown explosively, and fintech, which originally referred to computer technology applied to the back office of banks or trading firms, now describes a broad variety of technological interventions into personal and commercial finance. If one word can describe how many fintech innovations have affected traditional trading, banking, financial advice, and products, it's 'disruption,' like financial products and services that were once the realm of branches, salesmen and desktops move toward mobile devices or simply democratize away from large, entrenched institutions. Unbanked/underbanked, services that seek to serve disadvantaged or low-income individuals who are ignored or underserved by traditional banks or mainstream financial services companies.
Cybersecurity, given the proliferation of cybercrime and the decentralized storage of data, cybersecurity and fintech are intertwined.

Financial Technology (Fintech)

Geolocation is the ability to track a device’s whereabouts using GPS, cell phone towers, WiFi access points or a combination of these.

Geolocation is the ability to track a device’s whereabouts using GPS, cell phone towers, WiFi access points or a combination of these. **Banking:*Bluetooth beacons, the same type of geolocation technology that is placed throughout stores to offer users who have downloaded the store’s app to receive targeted discounts while giving the store data about the consumer’s shopping behavior, are providing new forms of convenience to bank customers. For example:
**Payments:*Financial institutions with mobile apps whose users have enabled location tracking can match the location of a customer’s phone with the location where the customer’s payment card is being used to detect possible payment card theft. **Insurance claims processing:*An insurance claims adjusting app can use geolocation technology to substantiate a policyholder’s location and minimize the number of fraudulent or exaggerated claims the insurer receives. For example, an app can inform a user of how their geolocation data will be used when they open it for the first time after they install it, then allow them to opt out of sharing their location or using the app altogether if they aren’t happy with the company’s policy.

Geolocation

A Graphics Processing Unit is a chip or electronic circuit capable of rendering graphics for display on an electronic device.

The Street Prices of Nvidia and AMD GPUs Are Utterly Out of Control

PC GPU Shipment Share Worldwide Q2 2009 - Q4 2020, by Vendor

Table of Contents
What Is a Graphics Processing Unit? This conversion requires the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to have a lot of processing power, which also makes GPUs useful in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and other tasks that require a large number of complex and sophisticated computations.
In 1999, Nvidia introduced the Geforce 256, the first widely available GPU. Whereas GPU is a chip or electronic circuit capable used to render graphics for display on an electronic device, a VGA or video graphics array connector is a physical device used to transfer video signals and computer video output. The term graphics processing unit (GPU) refers to a chip or electronic circuit capable of rendering graphics for display on an electronic device. Today, most desktop computers typically use a separate graphics card with a GPU for increased performance, rather than rely on a GPU built into a motherboard.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

A Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) Wallet offers better security than a standard digital wallet as well as secure key generation.

A hierarchical deterministic (HD) wallet is a digital wallet commonly used to store the digital keys for holders of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. They contain keys in a tree structure, in which parent keys can produce children keys, which can produce grandchildren keys, and so on, infinitely. A cryptocurrency wallet has two keys: a public key or address, which acts much like an account number, and a private key that the holder uses to transfer funds to other accounts. But to ensure privacy—one of the purposes driving the creation of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies—and limit the use of public keys to one transaction each, a new pair of keys would need to be created for each transaction. A hierarchical deterministic (HD) wallet is a digital wallet commonly used to store the digital keys for holders of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum.

Hierarchical Deterministic (HD) Wallet

In-app purchasing is a feature some developers provide so that consumers can buy upgrades or ad-free content once they have accessed the app.

In-app purchasing refers to the buying of goods and services from inside an application on a mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet. In-app purchasing allows application owners the ability to upsell​ application users from within the application itself, rather than through other marketing channels. Application stores, such as Google Play or iTunes, allow users to download applications with in-app purchasing, but they typically let the user know that an application has this feature. The most common type of in-app purchase is to pay for the ad-free version or the full version of an app. There are no overarching guidelines for in-app purchasing, but regulators have taken a keen interest in in-app purchasing.

In-App Purchasing

An integrated circuit card is a type of payment or identification card that has an embedded circuit.

An integrated circuit card, or chip card, is a payment card that uses an embedded microchip to store data in addition to (or instead of) a traditional magnetic stripe. Integrated circuit cards are primarily used in credit cards and debit cards but are frequently used in other settings, such as employee identification cards. Integrated circuit cards are made of plastic or a similar material and are most often associated with specific credit cards known as EMV or chip-&-pin credit and debit cards. An integrated circuit card, or chip card, is a payment card that uses an embedded microchip to store data in addition to (or instead of) a traditional magnetic stripe. Transactions with an integrated circuit card require the chip to be inserted into the chip reader, where available, thus making the magnetic stripe a backup feature to be used only when a chip reader is not available.

Integrated Circuit Card

Interledger protocol is a protocol that establishes connections between different payment ledgers and enables fast processing of cross-border transfers. 

Interledger protocol is a blockchain protocol used for payments across different payment networks. Interledger is utilized by Ripple Labs to connect bank systems across borders where the Ripple (XRP) token functions as a standardized settlement layer between global banks, making Ripple somewhat akin to a digital hawala service. The current process for cross-border transfers between banks involves navigation of multiple payment protocols used by digital ledgers to process transactions. The Interledger protocol whitepaper defines cryptographic escrow as the financial equivalent of a two-phase commit protocol.﻿﻿ The latter protocol consists of two steps:
1. Interledger protocol is a blockchain protocol used for payments across different payment networks.

Interledger Protocol

Liberty Reserve was formerly a company based in Costa Rica that allowed people to send and receive secure payments without revealing their real identities.

Liberty Reserve was formerly a company based in Costa Rica that allowed people to send and receive secure payments without revealing their account numbers or real identities. In 2013 the U.S. seized and shut down Liberty Reserve, and a year later Budovsky and several other former Liberty Reserve workers were arrested in Spain and extradited to the U.S. to face charges of conspiracy to commit money laundering. With little or no oversight of international financial transactions in Costa Rica, Liberty Reserve was free to build a money exchange business where legitimate, albeit unregulated, transactions could take place, but also where illegal money laundering could easily escape the eyes of the law. Headed by Arthur Budovsky, who renounced his American citizenship to create a new life in Costa Rica, the company operated from 2006-2013 until authorities cracked down on it when they discovered that it was a massive multi-billion dollar money laundering business. Liberty Reserve was formerly a company based in Costa Rica that allowed people to send and receive secure payments without revealing their account numbers or real identities.

Liberty Reserve

The Large Value Transfer System (LTVS) is an electronic wire payment system in Canada, facilitating the transfer of funds between large financial institutions.

The large value transfer system (LVTS) is an electronic wire payment system in Canada, facilitating the transfer of funds between large financial institutions, including the central Bank of Canada. The bank rate is at the top of the operating band, or, in this example, 3 percent, and this will be the rate that the Bank of Canada will charge on any overnight loans to banks in the LVTS system. The large value transfer system (LVTS) is an electronic wire payment system in Canada, facilitating the transfer of funds between large financial institutions, including the central Bank of Canada. The deposit rate is at the bottom of the operating band, or, in this example, 2.5 percent, and this will be the rate the Bank of Canada will pay on any surplus funds held overnight. So, if the operating band for the overnight rate 2.5 to 3.0 percent, the target for the overnight rate is 2.75 percent.

Large Value Transfer System (LVTS)

The M2M economy is based on the secure exchange of information between smart, autonomous IoT devices

Number of Internet of Things (IoT) Connected Devices Worldwide in 2018, 2025, and 2030

Global IoT Market to Grow to $1.5 Trillion Annual Revenue by 2030

Make Your Business Thrive with Internet of Things

The M2M, or machine-to-machine, economy is one where the smart, autonomous, networked and economically independent machines or devices act as the participants, carrying on the necessary activities of production, distribution, and allocation with little to no human intervention. Thanks to the concept of IoT, such an M2M ecosystem will result in increased efficiency, economic benefits and limited need for human intervention to carry on many major activities.
The number of IoT devices reached more than 22 billion by 2018 and the figure is estimated to hit the mark of 38.6 billion devices by 2025.﻿﻿ The M2M, or machine-to-machine, economy is one where the smart, autonomous, networked and economically independent machines or devices act as the participants, carrying on the necessary activities of production, distribution, and allocation with little to no human intervention. M2M economy is an important concept in understanding the development of the internet of things (IoT) and blockchain-based platforms that need a means to allocate and distribute network and processing bandwidth. The M2M (machine-to-machine) economy refers to a system of interdependent, networked devices that appear to carry out some sort of economic activity autonomously.

M2M Economy

Mass payment is a method of paying multiple recipients online simultaneously.

Mass payment is a method of paying multiple recipients online simultaneously. Mass payments are a faster, easier and potentially more cost effective solution to sending out checks (though there is a fee to use a mass payment service), and recipients appreciate receiving their money faster and more securely, which helps protect and boost the payer's reputation. Mass payments can also save senders time as recipients can provide their personal information to the mass payments vendor rather than to the sender. Mass payments refer to transactions involving several recipients sent simultaneously by a single sender, saving a great deal of time and expense in sending multiple payments. Payment logs allow senders of mass payments to keep track of their complete payment history, and senders can easily export payment data to spreadsheet or accounting applications.

Mass Payment

A Mastercard acquirer is a financial institution that accepts and processes transactions made with a Mastercard card.

Accepting Mastercard has a real, positive impact on sales

What acquirers need to know about managing PCI compliance

A Mastercard acquirer is a merchant bank or other financial institution that accepts and processes transactions made with a Mastercard. A Mastercard acquirer is a financial institution, usually a merchant bank, licensed by Mastercard to help merchants accept Mastercard payments. A request is made to the Mastercard acquirer, which in turn places a request to the card issuer—not Mastercard—to authorize the transaction. A Mastercard acquirer is a merchant bank or other financial institution that accepts and processes transactions made with a Mastercard. A Mastercard acquirer is a merchant bank or financial institution licensed to work with merchants, process and settle transactions, and resolve issues involving transactions.

Mastercard Acquirer

A micro-investing platform is an application that allows users to regularly save small sums of money.

General Information on the Regulation of Investment Advisers

A micro-investing platform is an application that allows users to regularly save small sums of money. These platforms take tiny amounts of money, usually from rounding up transactions, and invest them into ETF-based accounts.
Small savings can add up over time to yield returns that beat traditional savings vehicles like a savings account of certificates of deposit.
Micro-investing platforms are the digital-age equivalent of saving in a jar all the spare change from your purchases and then taking the full jar of change to the bank. Of course, a better solution would be for you to make your own cappuccinos at home for $0.50 and invest the $3.00 savings per cup and end up with an extra $60 a month and $720 a year to invest, but for individuals who don’t want to change their behavior, micro-investing offers a superior alternative to investing nothing at all. A notable micro-investing platform is Acorns Inc. which automatically invests a user's spare change through a smartphone app.﻿﻿ Micro-investing platforms must register with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) as a Registered Investment Advisor (RIA) and as a broker-dealer. Because those fractional shares are in exchange-traded funds (ETF), the consumer’s investment is diversified across many different stocks and/or bonds, helping to protect against market swings in a way that investing in a single stock does not.
Even for people who save regularly, micro-investing platforms can improve their situation.

Micro-Investing Platform

Micropayments are small payments usually of less than a dollar (and in some cases a fraction of a cent) that are mainly made online.

Micropayments are small transactions or payments usually of less than a dollar—and, in some cases, only a fraction of a cent—that are mainly made online. If the provider is also used by the e-commerce platform where the user makes small purchases, the user’s account with the provider is easily debited for the dollar amount of the purchase. One way is for a seller or service provider to have an established account with a third-party micropayment provider who collects, stores, and distributes the payments made. The definition or size of a micropayment differs across payment processors and businesses: some companies recognize all transactions below a dollar as micropayments, whereas others classify micropayments as amounts below $5.00, $10.00, or sometimes $20.00. Micropayments have been touted as a way to better facilitate the immediate online distribution of royalties, gratuities, pay-per-click advertising, small freelance jobs, and cryptocurrency transactions, among others.

Micropayment

Mobile commerce is the use of wireless handheld devices, such as cellphones and laptops, to conduct commercial transactions online.

Mobile commerce, also known as m-commerce or mcommerce, is the use of wireless handheld devices like cellphones and tablets to conduct commercial transactions online, including the purchase and sale of products, online banking, and paying bills. _Mobile commerce refers to business or purchases conducted over mobile devices like cellphones or tablets._
_Mobile commerce has increased rapidly as security issues have been resolved._
_Companies like Apple and Google have introduced their own mobile commerce services._
Mobile commerce is an increasingly large subset of electronic commerce, a model where firms or individuals conduct business over the internet. Mobile commerce, also known as m-commerce or mcommerce, is the use of wireless handheld devices like cellphones and tablets to conduct commercial transactions online, including the purchase and sale of products, online banking, and paying bills. The rapid growth of mobile commerce has been driven by a number of factors, including increased wireless handheld device computing power, a proliferation of m-commerce applications, and the broad resolution of security issues. Mobile checkouts must let buyers easily enter payment information, preferably with mobile wallets that eliminate the use of manual entry, thereby reducing human error and facilitating a smoother checkout experience.

Mobile Commerce

A mobile wallet is a virtual wallet that stores payment card information on a mobile device. 

A mobile wallet is a virtual wallet that stores payment card information on a mobile device. Because mobile wallets are a digitized version of physical wallets, almost every valuable card stored in a physical wallet can also be stored in the mobile wallet such as driver’s license, social security number, health information cards, loyalty cards, hotel key cards, and bus or train tickets. A regular PayPal account is a form of a digital wallet, but when it is used in conjunction with mobile payment services and mobile devices, it functions as a mobile wallet. A mobile wallet is a virtual wallet that stores payment card information on a mobile device. Using mobile technology such as smartphones, tablets or smartwatches, companies and users are adapting to online and offline transactions using devices such as a mobile wallet.

Mobile Wallet

Moore's Law refers to Moore's perception that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years, though the cost of computers is halved.

Excerpts from 'A Conversation with Gordon Moore: Moore's Law

Recent Price Trends in the Computer and Peripheral Industry

We're Not Prepared for the End of Moore's Law

Forget Moore’s Law—Chipmakers Are More Worried About Heat and Power Issues

Table of Contents
What Is Moore's Law?
Understanding Moore's Law Background
From Prediction to Truism
Moore's Law in Action: You and I
Nearly 60 Years Old; Still Strong
Moore's Law's Impending End
Connected, Empowered Forever?
Creating the Impossible?
Frequently Asked Questions
Moore's Law refers to Moore's perception that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years, though the cost of computers is halved. Moreover, smaller and faster computers improve transportation, health care, education, and energy production—to name but a few of the industries that have progressed because of the increased power of computer chips.
Experts agree that computers should reach the physical limits of Moore's Law at some point in the 2020s.﻿﻿ The high temperatures of transistors eventually would make Widely regarded as one of the hallmark theories of the 21st century, Moore’s Law carries significant implications for the future of technological progress—along with its possible limitations.
Moore’s Law has had a direct impact on the progress of computing power. Moore's Law implies that computers, machines that run on computers, and computing power all become smaller, faster, and cheaper with time, as transistors on integrated circuits become more efficient.

Moore's Law , History, & Impact

Material requirements planning is among the first software-based integrated information systems designed to improve productivity for businesses.

Table of Contents
Expand What Is Material Requirements Planning (MRP)?
How Material Requirements Planning (MRP) Works
Steps of Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Material Requirements Planning (MRP) in Manufacturing
Types of Data Considered by Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
MRP Systems: Background
Material requirements planning (MRP) is a computer-based inventory management system designed to improve productivity for businesses. There are several advantages to the MRP process:
Assurance that materials and components will be available when needed
Minimized inventory levels and costs associated
Optimized inventory management
Reduced customer lead times
Increased manufacturing efficiency
Increased labor productivity
Increased overall customer satisfaction
Of course, there are also disadvantages to the MRP process:
Heavy reliance on input data accuracy (garbage in, garbage out)
MRP systems can often be difficult and expensive to implement
Lack of flexibility when it comes to the production schedule
Introduces the temptation to hold more inventory than needed As data analysis and technology became more sophisticated, more comprehensive systems were developed to integrate MRP with other aspects of the manufacturing process.
Material requirements planning (MRP) is a system that helps manufacturers plan, schedule, and manage their inventory during the manufacturing process. Advantages of the MRP process include the assurance that materials and components will be available when needed, minimized inventory levels, reduced customer lead times, optimized inventory management, and improved overall customer satisfaction.

Material Requirements Planning (MRP)

Near-field communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless connectivity technology that lets NFC-enabled devices communicate with each other.

Near-field communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology that makes your smartphone, tablet, wearables, payment cards, and other devices even smarter. Near-field communication technology began to gain steam in 2004 when Nokia (NYSE: NOK), Philips (NYSE: PHG), and Sony (NYSE: SNE) banded together to form the NFC Forum, a nonprofit organization that's committed to bringing the convenience of NFC technology to all aspects of life. The customer experience in airports that use NFC technology is enhanced significantly, as NFC can shorten the boarding of a 450-person plane to just 15 minutes—a process that normally takes 40 minutes without the use of NFC. Near-field communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless connectivity technology that lets NFC-enabled devices communicate with each other. Near-field communication (NFC) is a short-range wireless technology that makes your smartphone, tablet, wearables, payment cards, and other devices even smarter.

Near Field Communication (NFC)

Open source refers to software or other projects with source code that can be viewed, modified, or upgraded by anyone.

Open source refers to a software program or platform with source code that is readily accessible and which can be modified or enhanced by anyone. Open source software efforts have been behind some of the most popular applications and operating systems available, including the Android OS for smartphones and the Firefox web browser.
Open source relies on community engagement, trust, and permissive licensing strategies.
Open source is a perfect illustration of the adage that says “It takes a village to raise a child.” Software developers who encourage the open source concept believe that by giving any interested party access to modify a product’s source code, the application will be more usable and error-free over the long term. By making their source codes available to all, open source products serve as educational tools for technology students who study the codes, learn from them, and opt to create even better codes. Open source refers to a software program or platform with source code that is readily accessible and which can be modified or enhanced by anyone.

Open Source

Payza was an online payment processing service that allows individuals to send and receive funds using bitcoin

Payza and Two Canadian Brothers Accused of Operating an Unlicensed Money Service Business and Money Laundering

Important Update for U.S. Members [archived]

USA v. MH Pillars Ltd. et al. (1:18-cr-00053)

Payza was an internet-based payment service that allowed individuals and businesses to send and receive funds using bank transfers as well as via bitcoin. The indictment followed civil litigation and allegations of financial improprieties, leading to investigations by Homeland Security and the Financial Crimes Task Force.﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿﻿ On July 17, 2020, the brothers pled guilty to conspiring to launder money and operating an internet-based unlicensed money service business.
Payza was an online and mobile payments service that allowed users to transact in both fiat money as well as cryptocurrency. The Patel brothers, both Canadian citizens, founded Payza in 2012 and incorporated the company in the United Kingdom as MH Pillars.﻿﻿﻿ Though not as widely used as rivals such as PayPal, Payza became a relatively popular way of sending remittance payments, especially using cryptocurrency. Payza was an internet-based payment service that allowed individuals and businesses to send and receive funds using bank transfers as well as via bitcoin. In 2020, the company's founders pled guilty to conspiring to launder money and operating an internet-based unlicensed money service business.

Payza

Proof of Assignment (PoA) is a low-cost, low-resource algorithm used in IoT-based blockchain networks.

Proof of Assignment (PoA) is a cryptographic consensus mechanism that requires less power and can run on relatively low-end hardware compared to its precursors. PoA’s working mechanism allows everyday Internet of Things (IoT) applications to be utilized for basic, limited-capacity mining functions.
Proof of Assignment (PoA) is a cryptographic consensus algorithm used to confirm agreement on a distributed and decentralized network. The IOTW blockchain uses the PoA consensus algorithm and has introduced micro mining, which allows for lightweight mining to be performed on IoT devices by eliminating the need for transaction ledger storage and maintenance at the device level. Optimized for coordinating the state of devices connected to the Internet of Things (IoT), in PoA each IoT device is required to perform simple but very important cryptographic tasks, known as “Micro Mining.” A consensus mechanism is a fault-tolerant algorithm that is used in distributed computer networks and blockchain applications in order to achieve the necessary agreement on a single data value or a single state of the network among decentralized processes or multi-agent systems, such as with cryptocurrencies.

Proof of Assignment (PoA)

A quick response (QR) code is a type of barcode that stores information and can be read by a digital device, such as a cell phone.

QR Code Development Team Becomes First Japanese Winner of European Inventor Award

Barcode History – How Early Barcodes Changed Our Lives

A quick response (QR) code is a type of barcode that can be read easily by a digital device and which stores information as a series of pixels in a square-shaped grid. QR codes are considered an advancement from older, uni-dimensional barcodes, and were approved as an international standard in 2000 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Quick response (QR) codes are square-shaped matrices of dark or light pixels used to encode and quickly retrieve data using computer devices. Several versions and variations of QR codes now exist that are customized to different purposes, or which can store greater amounts of data.
QR codes were developed in the 1990s as a way to provide more information than a standard barcode. [QR code encoding this web page's URL](data:image/gif;charset=utf-8;base64,R0lGODlhCAAIAPAAAAAAAP///ywAAAAACAAIAEAIHwABCAwgcGDBggQHBiDIMCGAhAsVPlzI0GDEiRITBgQAOw==)
QR code encoding this web page's URL. They were invented by Denso Wave, a subsidiary of Toyota, as a way to track automobiles throughout the manufacturing process.﻿﻿ Unlike barcodes, which require a beam of light to bounce off of the parallel lines, QR codes can be digitally scanned by devices such as mobile phones.

Quick Response (QR) Code

RegTech is the management of regulatory monitoring, reporting, and compliance within the financial industry through technology.

Regtech is the management of regulatory processes within the financial industry through technology. With the use of big data and machine-learning technology, regtech reduces the risk to a company’s compliance department by offering data on money laundering activities conducted online—activities that a traditional compliance team may not be privy to due to the increase of underground marketplaces online. _RegTech is the management of regulatory processes within the financial industry._
_The main functions of regtech include regulatory monitoring, reporting, and compliance._ Regtech companies collaborate with financial institutions and regulatory bodies, using cloud computing and big data to share information. The reliance on consumer data to produce digital products has led to concerns among regulatory bodies calling for more laws on data privacy usage and distribution.

RegTech

The Second Life economy is a vibrant marketplace where virtual goods and services are bought and sold in a three-dimensional gaming world called Second Life.

Second Life GDP totals $500 million (2015)

The Second Life Economy is an in-game marketplace where virtual goods and services are bought and sold in the immersive gaming world called _Second Life_. The Second Life Economy simulates a free market economy where players can buy and sell virtual goods with virtual money known as Linden Dollars, named after the game's creator. One publicized example is that of Anshe Chung, a Second Life avatar of a real-life individual who, via the Anshe Chung avatar, had established a booming virtual real estate business within Second Life. The Second Life Economy is an in-game marketplace where virtual goods and services are bought and sold in the immersive gaming world called _Second Life_. The Second Life Economy describes the ability to buy, sell, rent, and trade virtual goods and properties within the immersive multi-user game, Second Life.

Second Life Economy

Social payment is the use of social media to transfer money to another person or business.

Social payments are the use of social media to transfer money to another person or business. Also, if a person's phone is accessed by someone else, and if the phone doesn't have a password or is already logged in to the social payment app, the person can manipulate the payments on the app. They draw money from the account when the user wants to make a payment and deposit money into the account when the user receives a payment. It's wise to use extra security on your phone if it's connected to a social payment app by installing a PIN on the phone and logging out of the app when it's not in use. Social payment services link directly to the user's bank account or debit/credit card information and can take the form of a website or an app.

Social Payment

A split payment is a means by which payment for a single order of goods or services is made using more than one payment method.

A split payment involves using multiple payment sources to settle the whole cost of a single transaction. Although e-commerce platforms accept a growing array of payment forms, including gift cards and closed-loop reward cards, very few accept split payments involving multiple credit or debit cards. For example, to make a split payment on an order of $100 from Amazon, a customer with a $60 spending limit on a credit card can purchase a $40 Amazon Gift Card using a debit card. Another use of split payments is to split a payment across multiple cards owned by different parties. A person using two different credit cards to pay for an item or a table of restaurant guests splitting the bill three ways are both common examples of split payments.

Split Payment

A virtual assistant is an independent contractor who provides administrative services to clients while working outside of the client's office.

A virtual assistant is an independent contractor who provides administrative services to clients while operating outside of the client's office. A virtual assistant is expected to pay for and provide their own computer equipment, commonly used software programs, and high-speed Internet service.
In a study of over 100,000 job listings, FlexJobs found virtual administration was one of the top five fastest-growing remote career categories.
The specific duties of a virtual assistant vary according to the needs of the client and the terms of the contract. While there are no hard-and-fast educational requirements to become a virtual assistant, many clients will look for virtual assistants who have some higher-level education or specialized training. A virtual assistant is a self-employed worker who specializes in offering administrative services to clients from a remote location, usually a home office. Before hiring a virtual assistant, the client can ensure a smoother working relationship by creating detailed instructions about tasks they need to have performed.

Virtual Assistant

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is part of Microsoft's legacy software, Visual Basic, built to help write programs for the Windows operating system.

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is part of Microsoft Corporation's (NASDAQ: MSFT) legacy software, Visual Basic, which Microsoft built to help write programs for the Windows operating system. VBA allows users to customize beyond what is normally available with MS Office host applications—VBA is not a stand-alone program—by manipulating graphical-user-interface (GUI) features such as toolbars and menus, dialogue boxes, and forms. Visual Basic for Applications runs as an internal programming language in Microsoft Office (MS Office, Office) applications such as Access, Excel, PowerPoint, Publisher, Word, and Visio. You do not need to purchase the VBA software because VBA is the version of Visual Basic that ships with Microsoft Office 2010.

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)

A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) is the earthbound portion of a satellite communication system that can be used to send real-time data across the globe. 

A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) is a two-way ground station that transmits and receives data from satellites. The use of VSAT to track inventory was one of the many innovations Walmart pioneered in retail to effectively manage its vast inventory in real-time and reduce delivery costs between the warehouse and stores. Other manufacturers use VSAT to relay orders, check production figures in real-time as well as other functions that are otherwise handled over a wired network. This has made VSAT networks an ideal choice for providing connectivity to remote work sites, such as exploratory drilling sites that need to relay daily drill logs back to headquarters. A very small aperture terminal (VSAT) is a two-way ground station that transmits and receives data from satellites.

Financial Technology

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