Acorn Collective was a project that aimed to be the first blockchain crowdfunding platform.

The First Completely Free and Open-Access Blockchain Crowdfunding Platform

Acorn intro - Dr. Moritz Kurtz - Co-founder & CEO

Acorn Collective: Crowdfunding for Everyone

Big thank you from Moritz CEO with updates | Acorn Collective

Acorn | Product Announcement | Ed Lobbett | 181115

The Acorn Collective was a cryptocurrency project founded by Moritz Kurtz and Peter-Andreas Kurtz in 2017.﻿﻿﻿ The project was active until March 2019, when it ceased operations. Acorn collective published a white paper in 2017, outlining how the blockchain-based crowdfunding platform would work.﻿﻿﻿ The white paper also outlined the objectives of the project, which included the following:
Create a free crowdfunding platform that allowed nearly any legal project to be listed from almost any country in the world
Democratize access to capital for funding, particularly for developing and emerging economies
Create a crowdfunding hub and a secondary marketplace where goods and services that had been funded in the past could be sold
Create the Acorn token (OAK) through an initial coin offering (ICO) to facilitate the transactions within the ecosystem, which was designed to connect the investors, founders, and consumers
The ICO was designed to generate funds to be used to fund the ecosystem and allow free crowdfunding.
Acorn Collective has a defunct website. Although the Collective had invested in some highly polished marketing videos, the complexity of setting up a business that didn’t clearly mesh with the mechanics of cryptocurrency on top of a collapse of the ICO market spelled the end for Acorn Collective.
In a Medium piece published on Mar. 18, 2019, the co-founders (who did not sign their names to the article) told the public, “The main-sale did not go well. The original Acorn Collective model was to promote crowdfunding projects without fees for crowdfunding project owners by means of the ERC-20 token, which would offer smaller transaction fees than those of other platforms and be funded by the transaction activity of the token holders. In a video released on Nov. 16, 2018, Ed Lobbett, the Chief Operating Officer at Acorn Collective, announced that the team had discovered that creating a crowdfunding platform was more difficult than just creating a token and system of exchange.

Acorn Collective

An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) miner is a computerized device that was designed for the sole purpose of mining bitcoins.

An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is a type of circuit that has been designed for a single specific purpose. Instead of being general-purpose integrated circuits—like RAM chips or PC or mobile device microprocessors—ASICs employed in cryptocurrency mining are specific integrated circuits designed solely to maintain the bitcoin blockchain—a public shared database that stores digital information. The job of bitcoin miners is to review and verify previous bitcoin transactions, and then to create a new block so the information can be added to the blockchain. An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) miners are electronic circuits designed for the sole purpose of mining bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin miners review and verify previous bitcoin transactions and create new blocks so that the data can be added to the blockchain.

Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) Miner

Atomic swaps are smart contracts that enable exchanges from one cryptocurrency to another without using centralized intermediaries. 

An atomic swap is a smart contract technology that enables the exchange of one cryptocurrency for another without using centralized intermediaries, such as exchanges. Atomic swaps require both parties to acknowledge receipt of funds within a specified timeframe using a cryptographic hash function. An atomic swap is a smart contract technology that enables the exchange of one cryptocurrency for another without using centralized intermediaries, such as exchanges. For example, Lightning Labs, a startup that uses bitcoin’s lightning network for transactions, has conducted off-chain swaps using the technology. If one of the involved parties fails to confirm the transaction within the timeframe, then the entire transaction is voided, and funds are not exchanged.

Atomic Swaps Defined

Auroracoin is a cryptocurrency launched in Iceland after the 2008 financial crisis. Its original mandate was to enable cross-border transfers. 

Auroracoin (AUR) is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency developed in Iceland. Auroracoin (AUR) is a blockchain-based cryptocurrency founded in Iceland in response to the 2008 financial crisis. Auroracoin’s value spiked to $1 billion during the run-up to its launch on were rumors that it was backed by Iceland’s government. “People in Iceland have, for the past five years, been forced to turn over all foreign currency earned to the Central Bank of Iceland,” the coin’s creators wrote. Auroracoin (AUR) is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency developed in Iceland.

Auroracoin

Bananacoin is an Ethereum token that is pegged to the market value of the price of a single kilogram of bananas. 

Bananacoin General Terms & Conditions of BCO Tokens Sale

Bananacoin is an Ethereum token that was offered for sale via an initial coin offering (ICO) in 2017. Bananacoin would take advantage of rising Chinese demand by cultivating Lady Finger bananas, which were said to command higher prices than other banana varieties. In the ICO, the price of each Bananacoin was set at $0.50 and pegged to the export price of one kilogram of bananas. To this end, the Bananacoin project intended to expand cultivation from 100 hectares to 360 hectares and eventually 1,000 hectares. Bananacoin is an Ethereum token that was sold to raise funds for a banana plantation in Laos.

Bananacoin

Bancor blockchain protocol allows users direct zero/low fee conversion between different crypto coins.

Today's Cryptocurrency Prices by Market Cap

Bancor Protocol: Continuous Liquidity for Cryptographic Tokens through their Smart Contracts, March 18, 2018

Creation of the Bretton Woods System, July 1944

The Bancor Airdrop of ETHBNT: Technical Details & Timeline

Table of Contents
Expand Bancor's purpose is to remove the middleman by creating a virtual reserve currency, which they call Bancor Network Token (BNT), and an automatic exchange mechanism where prices and trading volumes are controlled automatically through the protocol.
Bancor's native reserve currency token, BNT, is the default reserve currency for all smart tokens created on the Bancor network.﻿﻿ One of the promises of BNT's ICO was that investors in the coin would gain interest on the transaction fees as other crypto coins are converted into and out of BNT.
Bancor's protocol converts between different ERC-20 compatible tokens. The move was meant to increase liquidity by increasing providers, though it is unclear how extra liquidity was added to the Bancor liquidity pools outside of Bancor investing its fiat currency reserves into their platform. Bancor Network Token (BNT)
Bancor's ETHBNT Airdrop
Criticisms of Bancor For traders who want to deal in small- or micro-cap coins, Bancor's smart token and smart contract technology, which are self-executing contracts with deal terms between transacting parties written into lines of code, allows these kinds of coins to be bought and sold with minimal friction and fees.

Bancor

Basecoin, also known as Basis, was a cryptocurrency whose protocol was designed to keep its price stable.

Basis, a year-old startup that’s building a price-stable cryptocurrency, just raised $133 million from top investors

Basis: A Stable, Algorithmic Cryptocurrency Protocol

Basecoin was a cryptocurrency launched in 2018 whose protocol was designed to keep its price stable. If the value of a token is lower than a dollar, Basecoin would release Base Bonds, which could be converted into Basecoin once Basecoin reached parity with its underlying asset. Though Basecoin tried to solve the crypto volatility problem by pegging the coin to an asset, the mechanism supporting the peg was purely self-referential (instead of having a true one-to-one relationship between the digital coin and hard currency reserves).
Tether (USDT) is a fiat-collateralized stablecoin, meaning it's backed by a fiat currency such as the U.S. dollar. Basecoin, on the other hand, created a situation where drops in Basecoin price were secured by Base Bonds that had no value because they were meant to be as liquid as Base Shares and the coin itself. Conversely, Basecoin didn't have any reserves of a fiat currency backing it but instead, promised to increase or decrease its currency supply to match the fluctuations in the dollar exchange rate with Basecoin.

Basecoin

The Basic Attention Token (BAT) fuels the Brave browser, which aims to revolutionize digital advertising through blockchain technology.

The Basic Attention Token (BAT) was created by the co-founder of Mozilla and Firefox, Brendan Eich, in an effort to improve the security, fairness, and efficiency of digital advertising through the use of blockchain technology. The developers of BAT believe that by tracking the way that users interact with digital advertising content and storing that information in a distributed ledger, they will be able to enhance the digital advertising experience for advertisers, publishers, and users. The Basic Attention Token (BAT) is a blockchain-based system for tracking media consumers' time and attention on websites using the Brave web browser. In anticipation of concerns regarding fraud and privacy issues, the developers of Brave and BAT have built a number of security measures into the browser and digital token system. The exchange rate for BAT is set at 6,400 BAT per ETH, meaning that as the price of Ethereum climbs or falls, the price of BAT will be adjusted proportionally as well.

Basic Attention Token (BAT)

Birake bills itself as the first 'white label' cryptocurrency exchange.

Birake Cryptocurrency Exchange Trading Platform Software

BIRAKE.COM — First White Label Exchange!

Birake is a digital currency exchange that launched in mid-March of 2018, and calls itself the first "white label" service of this type. Birake is powered by the Birake token (BIR), which is used to pay network fees on the Birake blockchain. Following their initial token distribution, Birake developed exchange software using ten currencies from June through October of 2018, with an alpha version of the Birake exchange launching in October. As of April 17, 2021, the daily trading of Birake coin was less than $4,000 per day, according to CoinMarketCap, and exchange activity on the Birake Network totaled less than $20,000 per day. Since then, Birake has languished in the market, both in terms of exchange activity and the Birake token.

Birake (BIR)

Bit gold was one of the earliest attempts at creating a decentralized virtual currency, proposed by blockchain pioneer Nick Szabo in 1998.

What Is Bit Gold? The Brainchild of Blockchain Pioneer Nick Szabo

Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System

Decoding the Enigma of Satoshi Nakamoto and the Birth of Bitcoin

Bit gold was one of the earliest attempts at creating a decentralized virtual currency, proposed by blockchain pioneer Nick Szabo in 1998. In fact, the bit gold and bitcoin protocols draw such close parallels that people have speculated that Szabo is the anonymous bitcoin creator, Satoshi Nakamoto (although Szabo has denied this claim). Although the bit gold project was never implemented, Szabo's attempt is widely considered to be the precursor to Satoshi Nakamoto’s bitcoin protocol. Although the bit gold project was never implemented, Szabo's attempt is widely considered to be the precursor to Satoshi Nakamoto’s bitcoin protocol. In fact, the financial system’s legacy of consistent losses (and the huge cost of this fraudulent activity and siloed architecture motivated Szabo to introduce bit gold, a more trustless model for transacting.

Bit Gold

BitPay is a cryptocurrency debit card that allows its users to use their Bitcoin reserves to make payments.

BitPay Launches Prepaid Mastercard in the United States

Financial Services and Internet Industry Lead in BitPay Payments With 23% of Companies Using Crypto

The BitPay Card is a Mastercard prepaid card that enables users to instantly convert cryptocurrency into fiat currency, which is then loaded onto the card and can be spent anywhere Mastercard debit cards are accepted around the world. In addition to payment services and the BitPay Card, BitPay also offers a BitPay Wallet app where users can manage and spend Bitcoin, and also turn it into dollars and spend with the BitPay Card. In addition to payment services and the BitPay Card, BitPay also offers a BitPay Wallet app where users can manage and spend Bitcoin, and also turn it into dollars and spend with the BitPay Card. As of September 2020, the industry that had accepted the highest share of cryptocurrency payments worldwide through BitPay in 2020 was the prepaid card and gift card industry, which accepted 26.3% of all BitPay payments. The BitPay Card is a Mastercard prepaid card that enables users to instantly convert cryptocurrency into fiat currency, which is then loaded onto the card and can be spent anywhere Mastercard debit cards are accepted around the world.

BitPay Card

Block time in the context of cryptocurrency is the average amount of time it takes for a new block to be added to a blockchain.

The Bitcoin Mining Network: Trends, Average Creation Costs, Electricity Consumption & Sources

Block time, in the context of cryptocurrency, is a measure of the time it takes to produce a new block, or data file, in a blockchain network. The block time for any type of cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, is an estimate of the time it takes to create a new block in the chain. Thus, block time is the average time it takes for a miner to solve the mathematical puzzle and trigger the creation of a block on the blockchain. Block time, in the context of cryptocurrency, is a measure of the time it takes to produce a new block, or data file, in a blockchain network. For instance, the Bitcoin network’s block time is around 10 minutes while the Ethereum network’s block time is about 13 seconds.

Block Time

A blockchain wallet is a digital wallet that enables users to manage the cryptocurrencies bitcoin and ether.

What Currencies Are Supported in the Blockchain.com Wallet?

How Can I Receive Funds to My Blockchain Wallet?

Introducing Buy Crypto: Changes to the Buy & Sell Experience

I Forgot My Password. What Can You Do to Help

A blockchain wallet is a digital wallet that allows users to store and manage their Bitcoin, Ether, and other cryptocurrencies. The Blockchain Wallet interface shows the current wallet balance for crypto-assets and the user’s most recent transactions. Blockchain Wallet can also refer to the wallet service provided by Blockchain, a software company founded by Peter Smith and Nicolas Cary. Blockchain Wallet is also the name of a specific wallet service provided by the company Blockchain. Blockchain Wallet only allows six crypto-assets for swapping: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Bitcoin Cash, Stellar Lumens, Tether, USD Digital, Wrapped-DGLD.

What Is a Blockchain Wallet?

B-money was a crucial predecessor to the cryptocurrencies of today.

Dai's concept for b-money included a number of specific features that have become common to cryptocurrencies today, including the requirement for computational work in order to facilitate the digital currency, the stipulation that this work must be verified by the community in a collective ledger, and rewarding workers for their input. While there are many similarities between the b-money proposal and Bitcoin (and, in turn, many other subsequent digital tokens and coins as well), the exact relationship between b-money and Bitcoin is difficult to identify. Indeed, when Satoshi Nakamoto was developing Bitcoin roughly a decade after Dai produced the proposal for b-money, the pseudonymous founder of the largest cryptocurrency in the world reached out to Dai before any other developers. Beyond that, there are many within the cryptocurrency community who suspect that, because of the similarities between b-money and Bitcoin, that Wei Dai may someday be revealed as the true identity of the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto.

B-money

Britcoin was a cryptocurrency launched and based in the United Kingdom, which traded on blockchains just like Bitcoin.

The term Britcoin refers to a cryptocurrency that was launched and based in the United Kingdom. Central banks have been toying with the creation of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) as an alternative to cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Britcoin. Traded initially on the Intersango—renamed the Britcoin Exchange Intersango—it eventually moved to other sites where traders could exchange British pounds for coins. Bank money is often the place where fees are levied, which means CBDC would offer the fee-free cost of sovereign money with the convenience of digital money. In August 2011, Intersango was renamed Britcoin Exchange Intersango, after failing to establish reliable banking relationships in the U.K.

Britcoin (BRIT) Defintion

Burstcoin (BURST) is a cryptocurrency that supports smart contracts and digital assets and uses an energy-efficient proof-of-capacity mining algorithm

What Is Burstcoin (BURST)? | A Complete Guide

Burstcoin (BURST) is a cryptocurrency that is designed to be highly energy-efficient and a model for green mining. Burstcoin's blockchain operates using a proof-of-space (PoS) algorithm, which uses a mining device’s available disk space instead of following other energy-intensive mining methodologies.
PoS is a less energy-intensive method of mining cryptocurrencies. Burstcoin's blockchain operates using a proof-of-capacity (PoC) algorithm, which uses a mining device’s available disk space instead of following other energy-intensive mining methodologies. Other important Burstcoin features include the Burst Asset Exchange, a peer-to-peer exchange that is integrated into the Burst Wallet and offers a seamless, rapid, secure, and decentralized exchange of various Burst assets. A team called the Proof-of-Capacity Consortium (PoC Consortium) is currently developing the project.
Burstcoin supports smart contracts based on blockchain technology, offering the same standard features of other virtual currencies: anonymity, decentralization, and high-security cryptography.

Burstcoin (BURST)

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is the digital form of a country's fiat currency, which is regulated by its central bank.

India's Central Bank Sees Pros and Cons with National Digital Currency.

How China's Digital Currency Could Challenge the Almighty Dollar.

Federal Reserve Chair Jerome H. Powell outlines the Federal Reserve's response to technological advances driving rapid change in the global payments landscape.

A central bank digital currency (CBDC) is the virtual format of a fiat currency for a particular nation or region. Following that, central banks of other nations, like China's People's Bank of China (PBOC), Bank of Canada (BOC), and the central banks of Uruguay, Thailand, Venezuela, Sweden, and Singapore, among others, are looking into the possibility of introducing a central-bank-issued digital currency. CBDCs automate the process between banks through wholesale CBDCs and establish a direct connection between consumers and central banks through retail CBDCs. A central bank digital currency (CBDC) is an electronic record or digital token of the official currency of a country. The main advantages of CBDCs are that they can simplify the implementation of monetary and fiscal policy and promote financial inclusion in an economy by bringing the unbanked into the financial system.

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)

On-chain transactions occur on the cryptocurrency blockchain, and their occurrence changes the state of the blockchain.

On-Chain Versus Off Chain: The Perpetual Blockchain Governance Debate

If the goal is security, immutability, and a validated transaction, an on-chain transaction would likely be best, but if low transaction fees and speed are important, an off-chain transaction might be better. Once verified and confirmed on the blockchain, on-chain transactions cannot be reversed unless the majority of the network’s hashing power agrees to do so, making on-chain transactions more reliable and fraud-resistant. Although on-chain transactions take longer to process due to the validation process by the miners, it greatly enhances the security by having the transaction validated by participants and recorded on the blockchain network. On-chain transactions refer to cryptocurrency transactions that occur on the blockchain and remain dependent on the state of the blockchain for their validity.

On Chain Transactions (Cryptocurrency)

A closed virtual currency is an unregulated digital currency used as payment only within certain virtual communities.

In a world first, El Salvador makes bitcoin legal tender

A closed virtual currency is an unregulated digital currency used as payment only within certain virtual communities. Closed virtual currencies are also known as non-convertible virtual currencies, closed-loop currencies, closed-flow virtual currencies, or in-world money. Because open currencies have a determinable value in real money and can be exchanged for real money, they are treated as properties or capital assets for tax purposes in the U.S.
Closed virtual currencies were created to operate in closed-loop environments and are limited to transactions in virtual goods within the closed environment. One rapidly evolving payment technology that is making waves in the digital world is virtual currencies, for instance, in the case of bitcoin, a type of digital money used to purchase real-world goods or services online but is not recognized as legal tender in many countries—note that El Salvador (in June 2021) became the first country to recognize bitcoin as legal tender. An open virtual currency can be substituted for real money using online exchange systems or ATMs that are designed for virtual to real currency exchanges.

Closed Virtual Currency

Cloud mining enables mining of cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin, without installation of expensive mining hardware.

Cloud mining is a mechanism to mine a cryptocurrency, such as bitcoin, using rented cloud computing power and without having to install and directly run the hardware and related software. Cloud mining involves mining for cryptocurrencies by leasing or purchasing mining equipment from a third-party cloud provider, who is responsible for maintaining the equipment. Cloud mining firms allow people to open an account and remotely participate in the process of cryptocurrency mining for a basic cost, makes mining accessible to a wider number of people across the world. A combination of the two opens the world of mining to people at distant locations with little or no technical knowledge and hardware infrastructure.
Hosted mining is the most popular form of cloud mining. The advantages of cloud mining are that they reduce overall costs associated with mining and allow everyday investors, who may lack sufficient technical knowledge, to mine cryptocurrencies.

Cloud Mining

Coinbase Commerce allows merchants to accept multiple cryptocurrency payments from global customers.

Welcome Surojit Chatterjee, Coinbase's Chief Product Officer

Pay Coinbase Commerce Merchants Directly with Your Coinbase Account

Coinbase's Merchant App Hits $500 Million in Volume Since 2018 Launch

WooCommerce
A WooCommerce payment gateway that allows your customers to pay with cryptocurrency via Coinbase Commerce.
A PrestaShop payment module that allows you to receive payments in cryptocurrency via Coinbase Commerce, hosted on GitHub.
Accept cryptocurrencies on your Magento 2 store with Coinbase Commerce, hosted on GitHub. Merchants need to know these important things about adding Coinbase Commerce to their payment systems:
Transferring crypto from a customer's wallet to the merchant Coinbase Commerce account will incur a network processing fee that goes to the miners in the network (not Coinbase Commerce).
Transaction fees are variable and depend on the size of the transaction and the number of transactions you process. In late 2019, Coinbase announced full integration of customer payments to Coinbase Commerce from a Coinbase wallet.﻿﻿ This means paying with crypto may be easier as more people adopt it as a payment method. Though on both sides of a transaction, Coinbase makes paying for goods and services with crypto easier, especially for people who are not fans or first adopters, the interface isn't seamless.
Coinbase users should be aware that the Coinbase exchange is not the same as the Coinbase wallet, which was originally developed under the name Toshi.

Coinbase Commerce

Coincheck is a Tokyo-based cryptocurrency exchange and digital wallet founded in 2012. 

Report: Record-Breaking Coincheck Hack Perpetrated by Virus Tied to Russian Hackers

Japanese Regulators Raid Coincheck in Wake of $530 Million Crypto Heist

$2 Billion Lost in Mt. Gox Bitcoin Hack Can Be Recovered, Lawyer Claims

South Korea to Ban Crypto Exchanges From Handling Privacy Coins

China Didn’t Ban Bitcoin Entirely, Says Beijing Arbitration Commission

Treasury to Roll Out Cryptocurrency Rules

Coincheck is a cryptocurrency exchange and digital wallet company. The country has one of the world's most progressive regulatory climates for cryptocurrencies and has recognized Bitcoin and other digital currencies as legal property under the Payment Services Act since April 2017.
Its soft approach to regulation has resulted in some digital asset companies shifting their operations from other Asian countries, such as China and South Korea, which initially took a firmer stance towards cryptocurrency. Coincheck made headlines in January 2018, when hackers were able to transfer $534 million worth of NEM, a cryptocurrency, out of their digital wallets.﻿﻿ These wallets were “hot wallets,” meaning they were connected to the Internet (as opposed to “cold wallets,” which allow offline storage of a cryptocurrency). After the hacking of Coincheck, Japan’s Financial Services Agency (FSA) launched an investigation into the company; at the time of the theft, Coincheck did not have a license from the FSA. Coincheck is the seventeenth-largest cryptocurrency exchange in the world, based on traffic, liquidity, trading volumes, and confidence in the legitimacy of trading volumes reported.

Coincheck

Coinigy is a cryptocurrency trading platform founded in 2014.

Beginner’s Guide to Coinigy Crypto Trading Platform: Complete Review

Coinigy is a Bitcoin and cryptocurrency trading and portfolio tool that was founded in 2014 by current CEO Robert Borden and President William Kehl. The advantage of an all-in-one trading platform, like Coinigy, is that investors can place trades directly through Coinigy once their individual, separate accounts are linked to the platform. As an all-in-one trading platform, Coinigy allows investors to trade on 20 different exchanges (and with data connectivity across 40 exchanges) in a single location. Coinigy is a cryptocurrency trading platform that allows users to manage accounts from more than 20 exchanges through a single interface. The Coinigy platform interface provides over 70 different technical indicators, in addition to price updates, live exchange rates, data visualization, and direct blockchain analysis.

Coinigy

CoinJoin is an anonymization strategy that protects the privacy of Bitcoin users when they conduct transactions with each other.

CoinJoin: Bitcoin privacy for the real world

CoinJoin is an anonymization strategy that protects the privacy of Bitcoin users when they conduct transactions with each other, obscuring the sources and destinations of BTC used in transactions.
CoinJoin requires multiple parties to jointly sign a digital smart contract to mix their coins in a new Bitcoin transaction, where the output of the transaction leaves the participants with the same number of coins, but the addresses have been mixed to make external tracking difficult.
The process is also known as coin mixing. CoinJoin is an anonymization strategy that protects the privacy of Bitcoin users when they conduct transactions with each other, obscuring the sources and destinations of BTC used in transactions.
CoinJoin requires multiple parties to jointly sign a digital smart contract to mix their coins in a new Bitcoin transaction, where the output of the transaction leaves the participants with the same number of coins, but the addresses have been mixed to make external tracking difficult.
The process is also known as coin mixing. CoinJoin involves a multi-party Bitcoin transaction where all parties to the transaction put in and get out the same amount of Bitcoin, but the addresses are mixed in the transaction making the origin of the coins difficult to trace. A user that wants to implement CoinJoin in their Bitcoin transaction needs to find another user who also wants to mix coins, and together they initiate a joint transaction. Bitcoin addresses do not list users' names and addresses, but they are easily traceable and someone might be able to associate your IP address with your Bitcoin transaction.

CoinJoin

A crypto-commodity is a digital representation of a commodity, utility, or a contract on the blockchain network through exclusive tokens

Crypto-commodity is a general term used to describe a tradable or fungible asset that may represent a commodity, utility, or a contract in the real- or virtual-world through exclusive tokens on a blockchain network. For instance, an app developer could use a specific type of token to pay for platform hosting, a user could pay a different type of token to watch blockchain-based online media content, and another token could be used for online betting. Crypto-commodity is a general term used to describe a tradable or fungible asset that may represent a commodity, utility, or a contract in the real- or virtual-world through exclusive tokens on a blockchain network. Essentially, any blockchain-based platform that allows representation of a tradable and fungible asset through the use of unique tokens can be described as a crypto-commodity ecosystem. These digitized tokens can be used to represent any kind of virtual or real-world asset, such as in-game objects, rewards points, or real-world commodities.

Crypto Commodity

Crypto tokens are a representation of a particular asset or a utility on a blockchain.

What Are Altcoins and Should You Invest in Them?

Tokens, Cryptocurrencies & other Cryptoassets

What are altcoins? All that you need to know about the non-bitcoin cryptos

Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)—What to Know Now and Time-Tested Tips for Investors

Table of Contents
What Are Crypto Tokens?
How Crypto Tokens Work
Special Considerations
Cryptocurrencies and Altcoins
Crypto Token FAQs Tokens that reside on blockchains include reward tokens, currency tokens, utility tokens, security tokens, and asset tokens. On the other hand, crypto tokens operate on top of a blockchain that acts as a medium for the creation and execution of decentralized apps and smart contracts, and the tokens are used to facilitate the transactions. Crypto coins are forms of currency that can be used to make purchases but you can use a crypto token for many other reasons, including as investments, to store value, and for making purchases. As noted above, crypto tokens are cryptocurrency tokens.

Crypto Tokens

Cryptojacking is a form of cyberattack in which a hacker hijacks a target's processing power in order to mine cryptocurrency on the hacker's behalf.

WannaMine - new cryptocurrency malware exposes failings of traditional anti-virus tools

NSCS advice: Malicious software used to illegally mine cryptocurrency

Hack Brief: Hackers Enlisted Tesla's Public Cloud to Mine Cryptocurrency

Cryptojacking is a type of cyberattack in which a hacker co-opts a target's computing power to illicitly mine cryptocurrency on the hacker's behalf. In this instance of cryptojacking, fraudsters encrypted victims' files and demanded cryptocurrency ransoms in the form of Bitcoin in order to decrypt them.
Cryptojacking harnesses victims' machines to mine, or perform the computations necessary to update cryptocurrencies' blockchains, thereby creating new tokens and generating fees in the process. For example, Coinhive, the cryptocurrency mining service, is often described as malware as a result of the tendency of the computer code of the program to be used on hacked websites to steal the processing power of its visitors’ devices. Cryptojacking is a type of cyberattack in which a hacker co-opts a target's computing power to illicitly mine cryptocurrency on the hacker's behalf. Cryptojacking is a type of cyberattack in which a hacker co-opts a target's computing power to illicitly mine cryptocurrency on the hacker's behalf.

Cryptojacking

Learn more about Russia's plan to create their own state-backed cryptocurrency, CryptoRuble.

First Pilot Group for Digital Ruble Testing Formed

Russian Federation: New Bill Defines Cryptocurrency, Proposes Tax Regulations

The CryptoRuble is a digital currency currently in development, commissioned by Russian President Vladimir Putin. The digital ruble will be issued by Russia’s Central Bank as a central bank digital currency (CBDC) and managed by the Russian government. Certain Russian banks have expressed interest in testing out the digital ruble, including the Credit Bank of Moscow and Crimea’s Russian National Commercial Bank. The CryptoRuble is a digital currency currently in development, commissioned by Russian President Vladimir Putin. Russia’s President Vladimir Putin said in October of 2017 that his country would issue CryptoRuble, a state-sponsored cryptocurrency.

CryptoRuble Definintion

Dark Wallet was an early attempt to improve the anonymity of Bitcoin transactions.

Dark Wallet was an early attempt to improve the anonymity of Bitcoin transactions. Samourai Wallet and Electrum on Tails offer many of the anonymity benefits for Bitcoin users that Dark Wallet once promised. Dark Wallet offered anonymity and privacy to its users in two ways: stealth addresses and coin mixing. Dark Wallet was an early attempt to improve the anonymity of Bitcoin transactions. Dark Wallet was an early attempt to improve the anonymity of Bitcoin transactions.

Dark Wallet

Dash is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency that was forked out of Bitcoin to offer faster and more private transactions to users.

Whitepaper: Dash: A Payments-Focused Cryptocurrency

Table of Contents
What Is Dash (DASH)? Dash (DASH) is a blockchain-based peer-to-peer cryptocurrency that was forked out of Bitcoin to offer faster transactions to users than Bitcoin could deliver. Dash was created as a fork of Bitcoin, which means it duplicated Bitcoin’s existent code and made it better by addressing the issues users faced with Bitcoin. The InstantSend (previously called InstantX) feature available to Dash users solves the double-spending issue by barring the amount of money that is sent without having to wait for a block confirmation to consider the transaction confirmed. Formerly known as Xcoin and Darkcoin, Dash was initially a Bitcoin fork that sought to address some of Bitcoin's weaknesses: namely the 10-minute block confirmation time.

Dash

Decentralized applications (or dApps) are digital applications or programs that run on a blockchain or P2P network of computers instead of a single computer, and are outside the purview and control of a single authority.

Decentralized applications (dApps) are digital applications or programs that exist and run on a blockchain or P2P network of computers instead of a single computer, and are outside the purview and control of a single authority. Decentralized applications (dApps) are digital applications or programs that exist and run on a blockchain or P2P network of computers instead of a single computer, and are outside the purview and control of a single authority. For example, BitTorrent, Tor and Popcorn Time are applications that run on computers that are part of a P2P network, whereby multiple participants are consuming content, feeding or seeding content, or simultaneously performing both functions. In the context of cryptocurrencies, dApps run on a blockchain network in a public, open source, decentralized environment and are free from control and interference by any single authority. A standard web app, such as Uber or Twitter, runs on a computer system which is owned and operated by an organization, giving it full authority over the app and its workings.

Decentralized Applications – dApps

Difficulty Bomb refers to the increasing difficulty and time needed to mine Ethereum blocks, which may eventually make mining unprofitable and impossible.

Ethereum Devs Reconsider 'Difficulty Bomb' Timing as Hard Forks Loom

EIP-2384: Muir Glacier Difficulty Bomb Delay

The difficulty bomb is the term used to indicate the increasing level of mining difficulty that results in an increased amount of time required to mine a new block on the Ethereum blockchain. The difficulty bomb is the term used to indicate the increasing level of mining difficulty that results in an increased amount of time required to mine a new block on the Ethereum blockchain. The original Ethereum blockchain came with an intrinsic feature that increases the difficulty of mining over time—that is, the more blocks are mined over time, the more difficult and more time-consuming it is to mine the next block. On January 1, 2020, an upgrade to the blockchain network was passed which effectively delayed Ethereum's 'Ice Age' by 4 million blocks (around 611 days), giving developers plenty of time to arrange the eventual transition to proof-of-stake and Ethereum 2.0. Ethereum’s “difficulty bomb” refers to the increasing difficulty level of puzzles in the mining algorithm used to reward miners with ether on its blockchain.

Difficulty Bomb

Cryptocurrency difficulty is a measure of how difficult it is to mine a block in a blockchain for a particular cryptocurrency.

Cryptocurrency difficulty is a measure of how difficult it is to mine a block in a blockchain for a particular cryptocurrency. In order to measure the cryptocurrency difficulty of a new block, it's important to understand hash power, which represents the combined computational power being used to mine and process the transactions on the blockchain. There is no way of predicting what a hash will be and since each set of data has only one output for a given hash function, miners must repeat the process of adding a new nonce to the data until they meet the hash requirement. In order to ensure that the network produces a new block at a steady average rate, the software is set to automatically adjust the target hash up or down, which results in lower or higher difficulty, respectively. The overall hash rate provides insight into a cryptocurrency network's security since fraudsters or bad actors would need to overcome the total hash power of the network to take control in a malicious attack.

Cryptocurrency Difficulty

DigiCash was one of the earliest versions of electronic money and a predecessor of cryptocurrencies.

Founded by electronic currency pioneer David Chaum in 1989, DigiCash was one of the earliest electronic money companies. Founded by electronic currency pioneer David Chaum in 1989, DigiCash was one of the earliest electronic money companies. Chaum founded DigiCash in Amsterdam in 1989 in order to capitalize on his theoretical work in digital currency. Chaum developed a number of cryptographic protocols that governed DigiCash transactions and set his currency apart from its competitors. In 1996, DigiCash struck a deal with Deutsche Bank, Credit Suisse, the Australian bank Advance Bank, Norske Bank, and the Bank Austria.

DigiCash

A Digital Asset Framework is an overview of requirements for a cryptocurrency to be listed on an exchange.

Framework for 'Investment Contract' Analysis of Digital Assets

A listing does, however, signal that a currency is potentially more trustworthy than an unlisted currency since being listed requires the currency to meet the requirements of the digital asset framework. Just as the process for listing a company on an exchange involves multiple regulatory checks and balances, a digital asset framework enables exchanges to evaluate potential cryptocurrencies for listing. While the digital asset framework provides some transparency into the factors that an exchange uses in evaluating the suitability of a digital asset, it does not tell crypto developers precisely how to meet all of the requirements. The digital asset framework is released publicly, and lets both developers and currency holders understand why an asset may or may not be traded on a specific platform.

Digital Asset Framework

Digital currency are digital formats of currencies that do not exist in physical form. They can lower transaction processing costs and enable seamless transfer across borders. 

Central Bank Digital Currency: Opportunities, Challenges and Design

Impending Arrival – A Sequel to the Survey on Central Bank Digital Currency

Why its So Hard to Keep Stablecoins Stable.

Digital currency is a form of currency that is available only in digital or electronic form. An unregulated digital currency that is controlled by its developer(s), its founding organization, or its defined network protocol.
A virtual currency that uses cryptography to secure and verify transactions as well as to manage and control the creation of new currency units.
The advantages of digital currencies are as follows: The disadvantages of digital currencies are as follows:
While they do not require physical wallets, digital currencies have their own set of requirements for storage and processing. Because digital currencies generally exist within the same network and accomplish transfers without intermediaries, the amount of time required for transfers involving digital currencies is extremely fast. Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are regulated digital currencies issued by the central bank of a country.

Digital Currency

Digital money or digital currency is any type of payment that exists purely in electronic form and is accounted for and transferred using computers.

Table of Contents
What Is Digital Money? Some forms of digital money like central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) or digital money issued by private parties replicate the role of a central authority in ensuring solvency and integrity of transactions, albeit in a digital context. Apart from being a digital representation of fiat currency, there are three other forms of digital money: cryptocurrencies, central bank digital currencies, and stablecoins. Even as it removes the need for physical safekeeping, digital money's origins in technology ensure that this form of money becomes a target for hackers, who can steal from digital wallets. Other advantages of digital money are as follows:
Digital money eliminates the need for physical storage and safekeeping that is a characteristic of cash-intensive systems.

Digital Money

Dogecoin is a peer-to-peer, open-source cryptocurrency that is categorized as an altcoin. Started in 2013 as a joke, Dogecoin has a loyal fanbase.

Is There a Cryptocurrency Bubble? Just Ask Doge

Such Weird: The Founders of Dogecoin See the Meme Currency's Tipping Point

China bars banks from bitcoin transactions

Dogecoin Users Raise $30,000 to Send Jamaican Bobsled Team to Winter Olympics

NASCAR Fans on Reddit Use DogeCoin to Sponsor Josh Wise

Such Generosity: Most Expensive Tweet Ever Sends $11,000 to Kenyan Water Charity via Dogecoin

Moolah Founder Accidentally Donates 20 Million Dogecoin to Sponsor NASCAR Driver

Former Dogecoin Exchange CEO Faces Fraud Charges

Dogecoin Finally Listed on Binance—DOGE Price Up 30%

Elon Musk Voices Support for Dogecoin After Recent Bitcoin Bashing

Dogecoin Market Cap Increases by Well Over $100 Million So Far This Year, Will Likely Remain a Top Cryptocurrency Long Term Due to Its Strong Fundamental Characteristics

Table of Contents
What Is Dogecoin? In Jan. 2014, the Dogecoin community donated 27 million Dogecoins worth approximately $30,000 to fund the Jamaican bobsled team's trip to the Sochi Winter Olympic games.﻿﻿ In March of that year, the Dogecoin community donated $11,000 worth of Dogecoin to build a well in Kenya and $55,000 of Dogecoin to sponsor NASCAR driver Josh Wise.
By its first birthday, Dogecoin had a market capitalization of $20 million and a loyal fanbase. The History of Dogecoin
Dogecoin in the 2020s
Dogecoin (DOGE) Essentially, practically everyone who mines Litecoin (LTC) chooses to mine Dogecoin (DOGE) as well, because merge mining Dogecoin (DOGE) increases profits. They can opt to store their Dogecoin on an exchange or in a Dogecoin wallet.

Dogecoin (DOGE)

Double-spending is a potential flaw in cryptocurrency systems referring to the risk that a digital currency can be spent twice.

Double-spending is the risk that a digital currency can be spent twice. Hackers have tried to get around the bitcoin verification system by using methods such as out-computing the blockchain security mechanism or using a double-spending technique that involves sending a fraudulent transaction log to a seller and another to the rest of the bitcoin network. However, bitcoin has a mechanism based on transaction logs, known as the blockchain, to verify the authenticity of each transaction and prevent double-counting. The most common method of double-spending is when a blockchain thief will send multiple packets to the network, reversing the transactions so that it looks like they never happened. If this user controls the blockchain they will be able to process transfer bitcoins to their wallet multiple times by reversing the blockchain ledger as though the initial transactions had never occurred.

Double-Spending

Ether is the cryptocurrency of the Ethereum network. All of the programs linked with the Ethereum network require computing power; Ether is the token that is used to pay for this power.

Upgrading Ethereum to Radical New Heights

Ethereum Classic (ETC) Frequently Asked Questions

Stake Your ETH to Become an Ethereum Validator

Ether is the transactional token that facilitates operations on the Ethereum network. Ethereum developers started working on shifting the network from a proof-of-work (PoW) system to a proof-of-stake (PoS) system in 2017; the new underlying network is known as Ethereum 2.0 and it has yet to be fully released. So transactions on the Ethereum network may contain executable code, while the data that is connected to bitcoin network transactions are generally only used for recordkeeping.
The amount of time that it takes to build a new block also varies between the two virtual currencies as well. A developer who builds Ethereum applications may need to pay charges to host and execute the applications on the Ethereum network, and a user who uses such applications may need to pay for using the application. With the new PoS system, the Ethereum network will rely on “stakers” (rather than miners), who already hold some ether tokens, to process all new transactions.

Ether (ETH)

Ethereum Classic is a decentralized, blockchain-based distributed cryptocurrency platform.

A Hacking of More Than $50 Million Dashes Hopes in the World of Virtual Currency

Investor Alert: Bitcoin and Other Virtual Currency-Related Investments

Ethereum Classic is an open-source, decentralized, blockchain\-based distributed cryptocurrency platform that runs smart contracts. The future of Ethereum Classic looks less bright than Ethereum since Ethereum is considered the more legitimate of the two networks, especially with the security concerns of Ethereum Classic. Although both networks offer smart contracts, the potential for the aforementioned security concerns surrounding ETC will likely push investors to invest in ETH and adopt Ethereum's smart contracts versus those of Ethereum's Classic. Although both Ethereum and Ethereum Classic offer smart contracts and are after the same market, Ethereum has gained in popularity as the more legitimate of the two networks. The original Ethereum blockchain was split in two with Ethereum Classic being the original and Ethereum being the newer blockchain.

Ethereum Classic

The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance brings together start-ups and Fortune 500 companies to work on Ethereum as an enterprise-grade technology.

Market Capitalization of Ethereum From the 3rd Quarter 2015 To 3rd Quarter 2020

The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance  (or EEA), launched in February 2017, brings together various start-ups, Fortune 500 companies, technology vendors, academics, and Ethereum subject matter experts to work on Ethereum as an enterprise-grade technology. Although many technology giants and businesses had been supporting Ethereum via Cloud services and working towards its adoption, most efforts towards its scalability, privacy, and interoperability remained scattered until the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance came into being.
The alliance aims to build, promote, and support Ethereum blockchain technology best practices, standards, and a reference architecture that is capable of handling its real-world applications and usage. The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance  (or EEA), launched in February 2017, brings together various start-ups, Fortune 500 companies, technology vendors, academics, and Ethereum subject matter experts to work on Ethereum as an enterprise-grade technology. The Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) is a member-led industry organization whose objective is to drive the use of Ethereum blockchain technology as an open-standard to empower enterprises. With a focus on solving real-world challenges of deploying Ethereum at enterprise-scale, the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance is an important initiative in the adoption of blockchain and decentralization.

Enterprise Ethereum Alliance

Gas is the pricing value required to conduct a transaction or execute a contract on the Ethereum blockchain platform.

Gas refers to the fee, or pricing value, required to successfully conduct a transaction or execute a contract on the Ethereum blockchain platform. Gas prices are denoted in small fractions of ether called gwei_._
The value of gas for internal processing, which is distinct from how ether tokens value the actual valuation of the cryptocurrency, disaggregates the value layer and the processing layer of the Ethereum platform.
The concept of gas was introduced to maintain a distinct value layer that solely indicates the consumption toward computational expenses on the Ethereum network. The exact price of the gas is determined by supply and demand between the network's miners, who can decline to process a transaction if the gas price does not meet their threshold, and users of the network who seek processing power. Priced in small fractions of the cryptocurrency ether (ETH), commonly referred to as gwei and sometimes also called nanoeth, the gas is used to allocate resources of the Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) so that decentralized applications such as smart contracts can self-execute in a secured but decentralized fashion. Similarly, a contract or transaction on Ethereum may be worth 50 ETH (X), and the gas price to process this transaction at that particular time might be, say, 1/100,000 ETH (Y).

Cryptocurrency Strategy and Education

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