The Nielsen Company is a global provider of market research and analyses of media and viewer interactions.

Nielsen Holdings, Demand Media Shares Gain After IPOs

Table of Contents
Expand In 1996, Nielsen split off its rating operations into a separate company, called Nielsen Media Research (NMR), which operated as an independent company until it was acquired by the Dutch conglomerate Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen (VNU) in 1999.
Through its market research tool, the Homescan Consumer Panel (now called the National Consumer Panel (NCP), Nielsen also measures the shopping and media behavior of millions of consumers around the world. Nielsen Company: An Overview
Nielsen’s Financials
Nielsen Company FAQs
The Nielsen Company is an information, data, and market measurement firm. Adjusted EBITDA was $388 million, compared to $326 million in the first quarter of 2020.
Nielsen measures media audiences, including television, radio, theatre, films, and newspapers.
Nielsen offers a data management platform called Data as a Service (DaaS). Arthur C. Nielsen Sr., the founder of the Nielsen Company, helped pioneer key market research tools, including the concept of market share, by going beyond conventional consumer questionnaires and having auditors actually survey store shelves and accounting books to determine sales patterns.

Nielsen Company

The Andersen Effect is a reference to auditors performing more careful due diligence when auditing companies in order to prevent accounting errors.

GSA Suspends Enron and Arthur Andersen and Former Officials

SEC Statement Regarding Andersen Case Conviction

The Andersen Effect is a reference to auditors performing even more due diligence than previously required in order to prevent the kinds of financial, accounting errors, and mishaps that precipitated Enron's collapse in 2001. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was passed by Congress to establish new or expanded Federal requirements for all U.S. public companies, management, and public accounting firms to prevent another Enron and Andersen Effect. The Andersen Effect gets its name from the former Chicago-based accounting firm Arthur Andersen LLP and its connection to what became known as the Enron scandal. The Andersen Effect gets its name from former Chicago-based accounting firm Arthur Andersen LLP. In response to the series of accounting scandals set off by Arthur Andersen, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX).

Andersen Effect

Apple Pay is a contactless payments system created by Apple and in use by over 440 million customers.

Apple Pay is a mobile contact payment system and digital wallet service that Apple Inc. introduced in 2014. Apple Pay requires users to upload their payment information to Apple Wallet and follow the steps through verification with the card issuer. Apple Pay is a mobile contact payment system and digital wallet service that Apple Inc. introduced in 2014. Notably, Apple Pay will work with any contactless payment system, not just Apple-specific terminals. ![Apple Pay](data:image/gif;charset=utf-8;base64,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)
Perhaps you've heard of Apple Pay, which was introduced

Apple Pay

Baby Berkshire is the 50:1 stock split after the market closed on January 20th, 2010, by Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares. 

Baby Berkshire is a nickname for Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares after the 50:1 stock split on January 20th, 2010. The primary difference between Berkshire Hathaway's Class A stock (BRK-A) and Class B stock (BRK-B) is the share price. The primary difference between Berkshire Hathaway's Class A stock (BRK-A) and Class B stock (BRK-B) is the share price. As of September 2020, Berkshire Hathaway Class A is trading for about $315,891 per share; Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares trade at approximately $210.44. When Berkshire first issued 517,500 shares of Class B shares (BRK-B) in 1996, investors initially could purchase shares for one-thirtieth of the price of a Class A share of stock.

Baby Berkshire

Baidu is the dominant Chinese internet search engine company, offering many of the same features and services as Google. 

Baidu.com, INC To Join The Nasdaq-100 Index Beginning December 4, 2007

Inside Apollo 6.0: A Road Towards Fully Driverless Technology

Baidu is the dominant internet search engine company in China. In December 2007, Baidu Inc. became the first Chinese company to be included in the NASDAQ-100 index.﻿﻿ According to YCharts, the company had a market cap of about U.S. $70 billion as of late March 2021. Baidu is the 6th largest search engine in the world and commanded a share of the Chinese search market above 78% in February 2021, according to Statcounter. (Although banned from the mainland, Google is available in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.)
Baidu, Inc. was incorporated in January 2000 by its creators, Robin Li and Eric Xu. Baidu is the dominant internet search engine company in China.

Baidu

Bear Stearns was an investment bank that collapsed during the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008. Read what happened after the Bear Stearns bailout. 

Table of Contents
What Was Bear Stearns? Understanding Bear Stearns
The Bear Stearns Hedge Fund Collapse
JPMorgan Chase Buys Bear Stearns' Assets
Lehman Brothers' Collapse As part of the stock-swap deal with JPMorgan, Bear Stearns investors received about $10 of JPMorgan stock in exchange for every share they owned from Bear Stearns. Formerly one of the largest investment banks on Wall Street, the collapse of Bear Stearns is now regarded as a cautionary tale against corporate greed and the whims of the free market. The Bear Stearns funds used techniques to further jack up the leverage to these supposed market fundamentals, only to find out that the downside risk on the instruments they were dealing with wasn't limited in this extreme case of market collapse.

Bear Stearns

The big six banks is a term used in Canada to describe the National Bank of Canada, Royal Bank, the Bank of Montreal, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, the Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank), and Toronto Dominion Bank (TD).

The big six banks is a term used in Canada to describe the National Bank of Canada, Royal Bank, the Bank of Montreal, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, the Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank), and Toronto Dominion Bank (TD).
Headquartered in Montreal, the National Bank of Canada is Canada’s sixth-largest commercial bank and has branches in nearly all of the Canadian provinces. The big six banks is a term used in Canada to describe the National Bank of Canada, Royal Bank, the Bank of Montreal, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, the Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank), and Toronto Dominion Bank (TD).
Headquartered in Montreal, the National Bank of Canada is Canada’s sixth-largest commercial bank and has branches in nearly all of the Canadian provinces. The Bank of Nova Scotia (Scotiabank) is the third-largest Canadian bank with 25 million customers at home and abroad.
TD Bank Group serves more than 26 million customers worldwide, with CAD$1.7 trillion in assets and more than 14 million active online and mobile customers. The Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, and was formed in 1961 through the merger of the Canadian Bank of Commerce and the Imperial Bank of Canada.﻿﻿ (The National Bank of Canada is separate from the Canadian central bank, the Bank of Canada.)

What Is the Big Six Banks?

Bloomberg is a major global provider of 24-hour financial news and information.

The Terminal: Bloomberg Professional Services

Our West Coast Tech Hub: Open for Business

Bloomberg is a major global provider of 24-hour financial news and information, including real-time and historic price data, financials data, trading news, and analyst coverage, as well as general news and sports. Bloomberg is a major global provider of 24-hour financial news and information, including real-time and historic price data, financials data, trading news, and analyst coverage, as well as general news and sports. The number of subscribers to its terminals has declined only twice—the first time was after the financial crisis, and the second time was in 2016.
Bloomberg is a media conglomerate that is a provider of financial news and information, research, and financial data. The iconic Bloomberg Terminal, also known as the Bloomberg Professional Service, is a software system and computer interface that gives financial professionals the ability to track and analyze breaking news across the globe. One of Bloomberg's key revenue earners is the Bloomberg Terminal, which is an integrated platform that streams together price data, financials, news, and trading data to more than 300,000 customers worldwide.

Bloomberg

Bre-X Minerals Ltd., often referred to simply as Bre-X, was a Canadian gold mining company which infamously defrauded investors.

Bre-X Minerals Ltd., often referred to simply as Bre-X, was a Canadian gold mining company that infamously defrauded investors by falsifying gold samples and misstating its available gold reserves. Bre-X Minerals Ltd., often referred to simply as Bre-X, was a Canadian gold mining company that infamously defrauded investors by falsifying gold samples and misstating its available gold reserves. The Bre-X fraud was perpetrated by the simple act of contaminating core samples with gold dust taken from gold jewelry and other mining sites. Bre-X Minerals was a major Canadian mining company that perpetrated one of the largest financial frauds in the industry’s history. With the highly suspicious death of Michael de Guzman in 1997, as well as the subsequent death by natural causes of David Walsh himself, John Felderhof remained the only surviving character from the Bre-X debacle.

Bre-X Minerals Ltd.

A business model is a company's core profit-making plan which defines the products or services it will sell, its target market, and any expected costs.

The term business model refers to a company's plan for making a profit. This type of business model is actually called the razor-razorblade model, but it can apply to companies in any business that sells a product at a deep discount in order to supply a dependent good at a considerably higher price. A new enterprise's business model should also cover projected startup costs and financing sources, the target customer base for the business, marketing strategy, a review of the competition, and projections of revenues and expenses. For example, the business model for an advertising business may identify benefits from an arrangement for referrals to and from a printing company. A business model is a company's core strategy for profitably doing business.

Business Model , Types, & Examples

Cambridge Analytica is a now-defunct consulting company that specialized in using data science methodologies to support political campaigns.

An Update on Our Plans to Restrict Data Access on Facebook

Opinion of the Commission: In the Matter of Cambridge Analytica, LLC

Complaint: In the Matter of Aleksandr Kogan, an Individual, and Alexander Nix, Individually and as Chief Executive Officer of Cambridge Analytica, LLC

Complaint: In the Matter of Aleksandr Kogan, an individual, and Alexander Nix, Individually and as Chief Executive Officer of Cambridge Analytica, LLC

Suspending Cambridge Analytica and SCL Group from Facebook

Cambridge Analytica was a consulting company that specialized in using data science methodologies to support political campaigns. Although Cambridge Analytica closed its doors in 2018, several of the company’s key personnel have since founded or moved to similar companies.
Founded in 2013, Cambridge Analytica was the offshoot of a British company called SCL Group (formerly Strategic Communication Laboratories) and was set up as a U.S. subsidiary company of SCL. As a political consulting firm, Cambridge Analytica allegedly used this data in support of various clients’ political campaigns, effectively using people’s psychological profiles to influence their political decisions. Cambridge Analytica was a political consulting company that infamously attempted to use the psychological profiles of roughly 90 million Facebook users to influence their political decisions. Cambridge Analytica was able to use the data points it collected to build models that allowed psychological profiling of the variety of users, including the political affinities of the user, whether they were extroverts or introverts, and how they would react to certain campaigns.

Cambridge Analytica

Clearstream International is a supplier of post-trading settlement and custody services for financial markets, based in Europe.

Deutsche Borse Acquires Remaining Stake in Clearwater Fund Centre

Clearstream International is a supplier of post-trading services for the financial markets. Clearstream services for the securities markets include the following:
Distribution and settlement processing of new issues
Income and redemption payment processing
Corporate actions, tax and proxy voting services, and reporting and safekeeping services
Cash and banking services, such as commercial and central bank money services
Clearstream also provides connectivity solutions including CleartstreamXact, a web-based connectivity channel, and MyStandards, a web platform to manage ISO messaging standards and market practices.
In addition, Clearstream provides global securities financing services. Clearstream International SA is a Luxembourg-based central securities depository for post-trading services in international markets. The company provides global issuance services, post-issuance services, safekeeping and vaults, and reference data services. It also provides settlement services, including commercial and central bank money settlement as well as other settlement services.

Clearstream International

The Central Registration Depository (CRD) is a database maintained by FINRA of all firms and individuals involved in the U.S. securities industry.

NASD and NYSE Member Regulation Combine to Form the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority - FINRA

The Central Registration Depository (CRD) is a database maintained by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) since 2007 for all firms and individuals involved in the U.S. securities industry.﻿﻿ It is used BrokerCheck offers the following information on brokerage firms:
A summary report that provides an overview of the firm
A profile of the firm’s ownership
A firm history, including any mergers, acquisitions or name changes
A description of the firm’s operations, listing its active licenses and registrations, the types of businesses it conducts and other details
Arbitration awards and any regulatory or disciplinary events on the firm’s records
BrokerCheck offers the following information on individual brokers:
A summary report that provides an overview of the broker and his or her credentials
A listing of the broker’s qualifications, including current registrations or licenses and industry exams that the broker has passed
Previous employment data for the past 10 years, both in and outside the securities industry, as reported by the broker
Any customer disputes or regulatory and disciplinary events on the broker’s record.
FINRA makes the Central Registration Depository available on the web as Web CRD. The data found in the Central Registration Depository (CRD) is put in use in FINRA's BrokerCheck program, which provides background information on more than 6,800 registered broker-dealers and more than 660,000 active registered individuals to potential investors. FINRA's BrokerCheck program uses CRD information to provide background information on more than 6,800 registered broker-dealers and more than 660,000 active registered individuals. The goal of the CRD is to increase the transparency and availability of data related to firms and individual investors in the financial asset management space, giving people greater access to important information related to their brokers and dealers and encouraging financial professionals to act with honesty and integrity.

Central Registration Depository—CRD

A dotcom, or dot-com, is a company that uses the Internet as a key component in its business. It most often refers to an early web pioneer.

History of advertising: No 147: Pets.com's sock puppet

A dotcom, or dot-com, is a company that conducts business primarily through a website. The dotcom business model requires an Internet presence in order for the business to function; this is the primary component of its definition. Any company with dotcom in its name could score a huge valuation on the stock market, even if it lacked any profits or physical assets and couldn't produce a coherent business plan. A dotcom, or dot-com, is a company with a business model that is dependent on the operation of a website. A dotcom company embraces the Internet as the key component in its business.

Dotcom

Established in 1999, the Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (DTCC) is a holding company that consists of five clearing corporations and one depository.

National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCC)

An Introduction to DTCC's Issuer Services

The Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (DTCC) is an American financial services company founded in 1999 that provides clearing and settlement services for the financial markets. The DTCC provides clearance, settlement, and information services for a wide range of securities products, including government and mortgage-backed securities, corporate and municipal bonds, derivatives, mutual funds, money market instruments, alternative investment products, and insurance products. At this point, the NSCC provides settlement instructions to the DTCC; the DTCC transfers the ownership of the securities from the selling broker's account to the account of the broker who made the purchase. The Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (DTCC) is an American financial services company founded in 1999 that provides clearing and settlement services for the financial markets. For example, when an investor places an order through their broker—and the trade is made between that broker and another broker or similar financial professional—information about that trade is sent to the NSCC (or an equivalent clearinghouse) for clearinghouse services.

Depository Trust and Clearing Corporation (DTCC)

Enron was a U.S. energy company that perpetrated one of the biggest accounting frauds in history. Read about Enron’s CEO and the company’s demise.

Report of Investigation of Enron Corporation and Related Entities Regarding Federal Tax and Compensation Issues, and Policy Recommendations, Volume 1: Report

The Quality of Corporate Financial Statements and Their Auditors Before and After Enron

Jeffrey Skilling, Former Enron Chief, Released After 12 Years in Prison

UPDATE 1-Toronto Firm May Pursue Lawsuit Over Enron Bond Sales -U.S. Judge

Enron was an energy-trading and utility company based in Houston, Texas, that perpetrated one of the biggest accounting frauds in history. As recently as March 2017, a judge granted a Toronto-based investment firm the right to sue former Enron CEO Jeffrey Skilling, Credit Suisse Group AG, Deutsche Bank AG, and Bank of America's Merrill Lynch unit over losses incurred by purchasing Enron shares. Parent company Enron had hidden its debt by transferring it (on paper) to wholly-owned subsidiaries—many of which were named after Star Wars characters—but it still recognized revenue from the subsidiaries, giving the impression that Enron was performing much better than it was. One of Skilling's key contributions to the scandal was to transition Enron's accounting from a traditional historical cost accounting method to mark-to-market (MTM), for which the company received official SEC approval in 1992. As such, the general public and, most importantly, shareholders were led to believe that Enron was doing better than it actually was, despite the severe violation of GAAP rules.
Skilling abruptly quit in August 2001 after less than a year as chief executive—and four months before the Enron scandal unraveled.

Enron

An export trading company is an independent company that provides support services for firms engaged in exporting.

An export trading company is an independent company that provides support services for firms engaged in exporting. An ETC can provide a firm with local knowledge about the laws and regulations in a foreign country, reduce training and recruitment costs, and help strategize ways to minimize exchange rate risk.
The Export Company Trading Act of 1982 allows commercial banks to operate in the export trading company arena and own ETCs. Investors can learn more about ETCs through the U.S. Department of Commerce's An export trading company (ETC) handles the exportation process for clients, navigating all legal requirements and regulations that a company must follow before a country will allow its goods to be exported. An export trading company can function like the export trading division of a company that doesn't have such a division, helping the firm fulfill any legal obligations in order to clear the way for exporting its goods. Also called export management companies, ETCs can be either local or based in a foreign country, such as the country that imports the goods that the company is trying to properly export.

Export Trading Company (ETC)

Forbes is an American media and publishing company headed by former Republican candidate Steve Forbes. 

Forbes Media sold to Hong Kong's Integrated Whale

Forbes Media sells majority stake to Hong Kong investors

The term Forbes refers to a media and publishing company that was founded in the United States in 1917. In 2014, the company sold a majority stake to Hong Kong-based investment company Integrated Whale Media Investments.
Forbes is no longer a family-run publication but was for most of its history. Forbes Media sold a majority interest to the Hong Kong-based company in 2014, according to a post on the company's website by Steve Forbes.﻿﻿ Forbes is, perhaps, best known for its lists, which rank billionaires, top 30 individuals under 30, colleges, entertainers, and self-made women, to name a few.﻿﻿ The organization is headed by former Republican candidate Steve Forbes. The company was founded in 1917 by Bertie Charles Forbes and was taken over by Steve Forbes in 1990.

Forbes Defintion

The Fortune 100 is an annual list of the top companies within the Fortune 500, the 500 largest U.S. companies published by Fortune magazine.

Best and Worst Corporate Reputations Nothing Lasts Forever -- Just Ask Merck, No Longer No. 1 in Our Survey. A shakeup in The Rankings Shows That Good Reputations Are Hard Won And Easily Lost

Methodology for 100 Best Companies to Work For (2021)

The Fortune 100 is a list of the top 100 companies in the United States within the Fortune 500, a list of the 500 largest U.S. public and privately held companies published by Fortune magazine. The Fortune 100 is a list of the top 100 companies in the United States within the Fortune 500, a list of the 500 largest U.S. public and privately held companies published by Fortune magazine. 1.  Walmart
4.  CVS Health
5.  UnitedHealth Group
6.  Berkshire Hathaway
7.  McKesson
8.  AmerisourceBergen
9.  Alphabet
10.  Exxon Mobil
Based on rankings from Fortune magazine's Fortune 500 list, the Fortune 100 are the 100 largest public and private companies in the United States based on revenues. This change added many new companies to the top 100 companies on the Fortune 500 list and also dramatically increased the amount of annual revenue required to make the prestigious list. The Fortune 100 are a subset of the Fortune 500, derived from a list of companies that operate in the United States and report to federal agencies.

Fortune 100

The Fortune 1000 is an annual list of the 1000 largest companies measured by revenue compiled by the American magazine Fortune.

Table of Contents
What Is the Fortune 1000?
Understanding the Fortune 1000
Members of the Fortune 1000
How to Invest in the Fortune 1000
Criticism of the Fortune 1000 The Fortune 500 list overshadows the Fortune 1000 list in part because of the near-constant change of lower-level companies on the 1000 list. Published by _Fortune_ magazine, the Fortune 1000 is a list of the largest US incorporated companies and companies authorized to conduct business in the US. Table of Contents
What Is the Fortune 1000?
Understanding the Fortune 1000
Members of the Fortune 1000
How to Invest in the Fortune 1000
Criticism of the Fortune 1000 The Fortune 1000 is an annual list of the 1000 largest American companies maintained by the popular magazine _Fortune_.

Fortune 1000

Gator was the name of a software company best known for its adware products.

The term Gator refers to a type of adware or software that displayed or downloaded advertising automatically onto a person's computer. Gator adware tracked user browsing habits and silently downloaded its software, taking up valuable space and memory on people's computers.
Although users were able to uninstall the software, it was often difficult to do so.
The company stopped producing adware in 2006 and shut down in 2008.
Today, many prominent companies, like Facebook, are coming under fire for mining user data for the sole purpose of creating targeted ads as their primary source of revenue.
Gator was one of the first companies to promote adware and the widespread use of online behavioral marketing to target users with display ads. The term Gator refers to a type of adware or software that displayed or downloaded advertising automatically onto a person's computer. Gator adware tracked an online user's browsing habits and also silently downloaded its software onto people's computers. All of this created significant problems for many users because Gator often took up a lot of space on a computer's hard drive, eroding a user's available memory.
Users were allowed to remove the software, through the uninstall button.

Gator

Global Crossing is a multinational telecommunications provider that was acquired by Level 3 Communications in October 2011.

Global Crossing was a multinational telecommunications provider that was acquired by Level 3 Communications in October 2011. Global Crossing was a large telecommunications provider whose famous bankruptcy in January 2002 followed that of the Enron Corporation in December 2001. Prior to its acquisition by Level 3 Communications, Global Crossing attracted widespread media attention after filing for bankruptcy in January 2002. Following its emergence from bankruptcy, Global Crossing pursued new growth opportunities through a series of acquisitions throughout the world. In the end, Enron declared bankruptcy in December 2001, with Global Crossing following less than one month afterward.

Global Crossing

A hypermarket is a retail store that combines a department store and a grocery supermarket. This is often a very large establishment. 

A hypermarket is a retail store that combines a department store and a grocery supermarket. Big box retailers sell high volumes of merchandise, which in most cases affords them greater buying power compared with retailers who sell goods in smaller quantities. Such shopping centers might include a supermarket, department stores, and other specialty stores that sell comparable merchandise that a hypermarket may sell. The combination of a full supermarket with the wide variety of merchandise offerings found in department stores and other types of retailers can pose a highly competitive existential threat to local supermarkets and other retailers alike. Big box retailers have an advantage of selling high volumes of merchandise, which in most cases affords them greater buying power compared with retailers who sell goods in smaller quantities.

Hypermarket

An incumbent is an individual who is responsible for a specific office within a corporation or government position such as a director or an officer.

The term incumbent refers to an individual who currently holds a set of responsibilities within a specific office as part of a corporation or within a branch of the government. In business, an incumbent may also refer to a leader—the leader of a company or a company that holds a large portion of the industry's market share. When referring to a position in politics, the incumbent is the individual who currently holds the office or position. If a new position is created, and no one has stepped into the position prior to the first election, there is no incumbent for the position. While the term applies to the person holding the position at all times, it is more commonly used during elections as a way to differentiate two candidates in cases where the current position holder is running for a second term.

Incumbent

Lehman Brothers was a global financial services firm whose bankruptcy in 2008 was largely caused by — and accelerated — the subprime mortgage crisis. 

The firm's collapse is regarded as deepening the 2008 financial crisis and is considered one of its defining moments.
Lehman Brothers were once considered one of the major players in the global banking and financial services industries. Lehman Brothers was a global financial services firm whose bankruptcy in 2008 was largely caused by — and accelerated — the subprime mortgage crisis. When these loans became illiquid, and the firm had no ability to pay back its creditors, Lehman Brothers experienced a credit crunch; it could no longer cheaply raise cash via debt issuance, and issuing stock under such conditions led to both dilution of shares and negative sentiment, which caused its share price to fall. Lehman Brothers was a global investment bank with humble beginnings as a dry-goods store, eventually branching out into commodities trading and brokerage services.

Lehman Brothers

Mass-market retailers sell large quantities of affordably priced consumer goods. Read more about how mass-market retailers operate and make money.

A mass-market retailer, or mass merchandiser, is a company that affordably sells large quantities of goods that appeal to a wide variety of consumers. Examples of mass-market retailers include big-box stores such as Target, Sam's Club, and Best Buy, as well as brands like Levi Strauss and Gap, and e-retailers like Amazon. In order to remain in business, mass-market retailers focus on large sales volumes and achieving economies of scale that allow them to charge less than smaller retailers. In the U.S., mass-market retailers are part of the retail trade industry, which in 2020 has an estimated market size of $5.4 trillion. Mass-market retailers are often able to sell products at lower prices than small, private retailers because of their bulk buying power.

Mass-Market Retailer

Merrill Lynch & Co. is the name of a prominent Wall Street investment firm that was acquired by Bank of America (BAC) in 2009.

Merrill Lynch Assets Under Management (AUM)

Merrill Lynch Reports Full Year 2007 Net Loss from Continuing Operations of $8.6 Billion

Bank of America Buys Merrill Lynch Creating Unique Financial Services Firm

Merrill Lynch leaves pay grid unchanged, tightens small account policy

Merrill Lynch & Co. is the former name of a prominent Wall Street investment firm. During the early 2000s, Merrill Lynch & Co. became a leader in the market for mortgage-backed collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) following its acquisition of the subprime lending firm First Franklin Financial in 2006. Founded by Charles E. Merrill in 1914, Merrill Lynch & Co. has long been one of the American financial sector's iconic institutions. This takeover offer, which represented a premium of over 70% relative to the company’s then-depressed market price, was accepted shortly thereafter, and Bank of America ultimately acquired Merrill Lynch for a $50 billion all stock transaction. In September 2008, Bank of America proposed a takeover of Merrill Lynch & Co. with an offer value of over $40 billion.

Merrill Lynch & Co.

The Mississippi Company refers to an example of a famous speculative bubble that occurred from 1719-1720. 

The Mississippi Company is a company that experienced rapid growth and decline in 18th century France. Law proposed to his friend, the Duke d’Orleans, that selling off shares of the company could help pay off some of the debts that France had incurred during the reign of King Louis XIV.
The Mississippi Company had been working on developing the U.S. French territories in the Mississippi River valley and was doing exceptionally well. That speculation of growth intensifies both demands of the commodity and increased activity in that sector, resulting in applying an over-inflated value to an asset.
The Mississippi Company is often used as an anecdote when discussing speculative bubbles and the impact their bursting can have on an economy. The Mississippi Company is a company that experienced rapid growth and decline in 18th century France. The company's impact on the French economy following its demise is a prime example of how speculation in the market may cause rapid growth followed by severe decline.

Mississippi Company

Moody’s Analytics offers tools, solutions and best practices for measuring and managing risk in an evolving marketplace.

Moody’s Analytics is a subsidiary of Moody’s Corporation that offers tools, solutions and best practices for measuring and managing risk. Although Moody's Analytics split from Moody's Investors Service, the group still maintains a strong foothold in these services
**Credit origination:** end-to-end solutions to help lenders make more profitable loans faster
**Data:** comprehensive datasets and data management tools
**Economic:** global economic data, forecasts, and analyses. **Insurance:** stochastic models, software and services
**Investments & Pensions:** scenario-based asset-liability modeling, investment design, and risk management solutions
**Portfolio Management:** research, data, models and multi-asset class credit risk tools
**Regulatory & Accounting:** addresses global regulations and accounting frameworks for the measurement and reporting of capital impacts. **Structured Finance:** market insight through research, data, and analytics
**Learning Solutions and Certifications:** global financial risk management understanding and proficiency
Many investors, institutional and private, use Moody's to strengthen their understanding of the markets and the possible direction of the positions they hold. Moody’s Analytics is a subsidiary of Moody’s Corporation that offers tools, solutions and best practices for measuring and managing risk.

Moody's Analytics

MSCI is an investment research firm that provides indexes, portfolio risk and performance analytics, and governance tools to institutional investors.

MSCI is an acronym for Morgan Stanley Capital International. MSCI is perhaps best known for its benchmark indexes—including the MSCI Emerging Market Index and MSCI Frontier Markets Index—which are managed by MSCI Barra. The MSCI indexes are market cap-weighted indexes, which means stocks are weighted according to their market capitalization—calculated as stock price multiplied by the total number of shares outstanding. MSCI All Country World Index (ACWI): This is the firm's flagship global equity index, which tracks the performance of small- to large-cap stocks from 23 developed and 26 emerging markets, with more than 3.000 stocks represented. A percent change in the price of the large-cap stocks in an MSCI index will lead to a bigger movement in the index than a change in the price of a small-cap company.

MSCI

The National Motor Freight Traffic Association is a nonprofit organization representing interstate, intrastate, and international motor carriers. 

The National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA) represents interstate, intrastate, and international motor carriers. Any transportation company that references the national motor freight classification (NMFC) in its contracts or rates is required to be a National Motor Freight Traffic Association participant or member. The National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA) represents interstate, intrastate, and international motor carriers. NMFTA is the publisher of the national motor freight classification (NMFC), which provides a comparison of all commodities shipped. Since the 1960s, the NMFTA has created and managed a unique set of identifiers for transportation companies, called the Standard Carrier Alpha Code (SCAC).

National Motor Freight Traffic Association (NMFTA)

A nomination committee is a committee that acts as part of an organization’s corporate governance and is key to a corporation's function.

The term nomination committee refers to a committee that acts as part of an organization’s corporate governance. Also referred to as nominating committees or nominating and governance committees, they are often made up of the chair of the board, the deputy chair, and the chief executive officer (CEO). A nomination committee evaluates a firm's board of directors and examines the skills and characteristics required of board candidates. Nominating committees often consist of the chair of the board, the deputy chair, and the company's CEO. One of their primary duties is to seek out candidates to fill a variety of important positions in a company including its board of directors as well as key management roles.

Nomination Committee

National Securities Clearing Corporation provides many services to the financial industry.

National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCC) is a subsidiary of Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC) that provides centralized clearing, risk management, information, and settlement services to the financial industry. The National Securities Clearing Corporation was established in 1976 and is a registered clearing corporation, regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Before its inception, strong demand for paper stock certificates had become nearly overwhelming for many stock brokerages, causing the stock exchanges to close once a week.
National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCC) founded in 1976 is a subsidiary of Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC). National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCC) is a subsidiary of Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC) that provides centralized clearing, risk management, information, and settlement services to the financial industry. The NSCC and the Depository Trust Company or DTC (another subsidiary of the DTCC) play a significant part in the settlement and clearing of securities transactions. Also, DTC acts as a clearinghouse to process and settle trades in corporate and municipal securities.)
Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation takes offsetting positions with clients in every transaction to ensures that transactions are completed promptly and efficiently.

Introduction to National Securities Clearing Corporation (NSCC)

PayPal is an electronic commerce company that facilitates payments between parties through online funds transfers.

PayPal is an electronic commerce company that facilitates payments between parties through online transfers. PayPal charges between 2.7% and 3.2% plus a flat rate of 30 cents on a transfer of $100 in standard fees for merchants selling goods and services online, including eBay sellers and private businesses that use PayPal as a payment option.
Purchases made with a select few online retailers may include a discount from PayPal or a cashback offer of some sort. With PayPal being so widely known, there are stores throughout the world that will accept PayPal payments for goods or services—some even accept contactless PayPal payments. In addition to online payments, PayPal also offers a variety of related services including debit cards for payments, credit card readers for small merchants, and lines of credit. PayPal attempts to make online purchases safer by providing a form of payment that does not require the payor or payee to disclose credit card or bank account numbers.

PayPal

Founded in California in 1971, PIMCO is an American investment management firm with a focus on fixed income.

PIMCO – Pacific Investment Management Company LLC

PIMCO, or the Pacific Investment Management Company, is an American investment management firm founded in 1971 in California. The fund pays a monthly dividend and covers the U.S. investment-grade, fixed-rate bond market with index components for government and corporate securities, mortgage pass-through securities, and asset-backed securities.
As per the company's website, PIMCO has more than 3,000 employees who work in offices throughout the Americas, Europe, and Asia. PIMCO's investment process integrates insights from its Cyclical Forums, which anticipate market and economic trends over a 6- to 12-month period, and the annual Secular Forum, which projects trends over a 3- to 5-year period. PIMCO, or the Pacific Investment Management Company, is an American investment management firm founded in 1971 in California. PIMCO is an American investment company that focuses on fixed-income investments.

PIMCO (Pacific Investment Management Co.)

The Salad Oil Scandal involved a scheme by executives at a commodities trading company to fake inventory levels and secure fraudulent loans. 

The Salad Oil Scandal of the early 1960s was one of the worst corporate scandals of its time. The purchase of soybean oil futures contracts would increase the price of soybean oil, increasing the value of Allied's soybean oil inventory and enabling it to make money off of its futures contracts. It occurred when executives at New Jersey-based Allied Crude Vegetable Oil Company discovered that banks would make loans secured by the company’s soybean oil or salad-oil inventory. Seeking to increase Allied’s profits, De Angelis devised a plan in the early '60s to collateralize the company’s substantial soybean-products inventory and use the loan proceeds to purchase oil futures. The fraud consisted of falsification of soybean oil inventory, whereby most of the inventory was actually water covered with a small portion of soybean oil.

Salad Oil Scandal

Salomon Brothers was a Wall Street investment bank with a reputation for high-risk, high-reward trading that merged with Citigroup in 2003.

Salomon Brothers was established as an investment bank in 1910 by brothers Arthur, Herbert, and Percy Salomon. Warren Buffett—the Oracle of Omaha—invested in Salomon Brothers in the 1980s and had to personally take a position on the board to clear out people involved with a false Treasury bond bid scandal to keep the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) from taking legal action. Salomon Brothers was first acquired by the Phibro Corporation in 1981, becoming known as Phibro-Salomon. A global financial crisis was averted at that time, but it was not the first or last crisis that the high-risk, high-reward approach of Salomon Brothers trading would set up.

Salomon Brothers

A trading house is a business that specializes in facilitating transactions between a home country and foreign countries.

A trading house is a business that specializes in facilitating transactions between a home country and foreign countries. Although a retailer has to pay a marked-up price for products imported or sold through a trading house, it can avoid the hassles of importing and benefit from trading houses' expertise in foreign markets, discounted rates, and currency exchange complications. Prominent commodity trading houses include Cargill, Vitol and Glencore.
Trading houses are intermediaries used by manufacturers to facilitate trade in a foreign location.
Trading houses offer a variety of services, from serving as agents for the manufacturer in the foreign market to easing the import-export process through connections with local liaisons. Small businesses that use a trading house can benefit from its expertise and insight into international markets they operate in, as well as get access to vendor financing through direct loans and trade credits.
A trading house typically has a large portfolio of clients that provide economies of scale benefits. The trading house must mark up the price of the goods it sells to cover its costs and earn a profit, however, the t-shirt retailer avoids the hassles of importing.

Trading House

UBS (derived from the Union Bank of Switzerland) is a multinational diversified financial services company headquartered in Zurich and Basel. UBS is now used as the company name, not as an acronym.

Annual Reporting 2020, AR 2020 UBS Group - AG

UBS (derived from the Union Bank of Switzerland) is a multinational diversified financial services company headquartered in Zurich and Basel. For this reason, some deem asset management to encompass wealth management.
UBS investment bank is considered one of the bulge bracket banks, along with Goldman Sachs, J.P. Morgan, Morgan Stanley, Citigroup, Barclays, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Credit Suisse, and Deutsche Bank. UBS is involved in virtually all major financial activities, including retail and commercial banking, investment banking, investment management, and wealth management. These divisions include wealth management, asset management, investment banking, and retail banking. The investment aim of UBS asset management is to “deliver superior investment performance and client service.”

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is a global safety science company and the largest and oldest independent testing laboratory in the United States.

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is a global safety science company, the largest and oldest independent testing laboratory in the United States. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is a global safety science company, the largest and oldest independent testing laboratory in the United States. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is a global not-for-profit safety science company that employs over 14,000 people who live in 40 countries. At the fair, UL’s founder, William Henry Merrill, Jr., a graduate of the MIT electrical engineering program, was working at his assigned post with the Boston Board of Fire Underwriters to assess for any fire risks with all of the new construction going on for the fairgrounds. The underwriters agree that it is a good idea and both Western Insurance Union and the Chicago Underwriters Association give Merrill, Jr. funding to form what will soon become the Underwriters Electrical Bureau.

Underwriters Laboratories (UL)

White shoe firm is an old-fashioned slang term for the most prestigious professional employers. It once referred only to law practices, but now includes other industries.

White shoe firm – definition and meaning

Table of Contents
What Is a White Shoe Firm?
Understanding a White Shoe Firm
Negative Connotations
White Shoe Firms Today
White Shoe Firm FAQs
A "white shoe firm" is an old-fashioned term for the most prestigious, well-established businesses and companies in elite professions. Some contemporary white-shoe firms, identified by _Market Business News,_ include:
**Accounting/Advisory**
Ernst & Young
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Cahill Gordon & Reindel
Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton
Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson
Greenberg Traurig
Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel
O'Melveny & Myers
Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison
Proskauer Rose
Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom
Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz
Weil, Gotshal & Manges
**Banking**
Goldman Sachs
Deutsche Bank
William Blair & Company
But not even blue chips are immune to economic downturns, business disruption, and internal pressures.
Although white-shoe U.S. firms in relatively stable professions such as law and management consulting have managed to thrive, those in the finance industry have struggled to retain their independence in the face of sweeping changes and challenges.
The global financial crisis of 2008 claimed several white-shoe firms in investment banking and financial services. Irwin M. Stelzer, the director of the Hudson Institute's economic policy studies group and a columnist for _The Sunday Times_ of London, recalled how he and his partner in a fledgling economic consulting firm didn't even bother pursuing business among the white-shoe firms when they started out in the 1960s. In between their popularity at prestigious schools, their association with aristocratic sports, and their white color—always hard to keep clean, especially in suede—the white shoe came to connote the throwaway elegance of the elite and, eventually, the elite themselves; old-money types whose work wouldn't muddy or scuff their footwear. Bear Stearns was broken up and sold off to JPMorgan Chase, itself the product of a merger between two white-shoe firms:  Chase Manhattan Corporation and  J.P. Morgan & Co.

White Shoe Firm

WordPress is a popular open-source content management system (CMS) that is used for a wide variety of websites.

WordPress is a popular open-source content management system (CMS). As an additional benefit, the hosted version of WordPress is automatically updated to the latest version of the WordPress software, which can help mitigate against potential security breaches. For example, WooCommerce has become one of the most popular ecommerce tools for WordPress, enabling users to accept orders, track shipments, and add other ecommerce functionality to their existing WordPress website. Because of its large user-base, WordPress websites are a popular target among hackers, who often seek to exploit outdated versions of the software which might possess known security vulnerabilities. Among the many other examples of plugins for WordPress are those concerned with search engine optimization (SEO), contact forms, newsletter marketing, on-site social media and commenting features, and various design features designed to make sites more visually appealing.

WordPress (CMS) Defined

WorldCom was a U.S.-based telecom company that underwent one of the largest bankruptcies in U.S. history following a massive spate criminal of accounting fraud.

WorldCom was not just the biggest accounting scandal in the history of the United States—it was also one of the biggest bankruptcies of all time. Arthur Andersen—which had audited WorldCom's 2001 financial statements and reviewed WorldCom’s books for Q1 2002—was found later to have ignored memos from WorldCom executives informing them that the company was inflating profits by improperly accounting for expenses. To hide its falling profitability, WorldCom inflated its net income and cash flow by recording expenses as investments, reporting a profit of $1.4 billion—instead of a net loss—in Q1 2002. Thanks to debtor-in-possession financing from Citigroup, J.P. Morgan, and G.E. Capital, the company would survive as a going concern when it emerged from bankruptcy in 2003 as MCI—a telecom company WorldCom had acquired in 1997. As a result of the scandal, former CEO Bernard Ebbers was sentenced to 25 years in prison, and former CFO Scott Sullivan was sentenced to five years.

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