The investment approach that aims to follow the strategies implemented by Benjamin Graham.

The Benjamin Method is a term used to describe the investment philosophy of Benjamin Graham (1894-1976), who is credited with inventing the strategy of value investing using fundamental analysis, whereby investors analyze stock data to find assets that have been systematically undervalued. The original Benjamin Method for finding the intrinsic value of a stock was:
**V   \=   E P S   ×   ( 8 . 5   \+   2 g ) where: V   \=   intrinsic value E P S   \=   trailing 12-mth  E P S  of the company 8 . 5   \=   P / E  ratio of a zero-growth stock \\begin{aligned}&V \\ =\\ EPS \\ \\times\\ (8.5\\ +\\ 2g)\\\\&\\textbf{where:}\\\\& V\\ =\\ \\text{intrinsic value}\\\\&EPS\\ =\\ \\text{trailing 12-mth } EPS\\text{ of the company}\\\\&8.5\\ =\\ P/E\\text{ ratio of a zero-growth stock}\\\\&g\\ =\\ \\text{long-term growth rate of the company}\\end{aligned} ​V \= EPS × (8.5 + 2g)where:V \= intrinsic valueEPS \= trailing 12-mth EPS of the company8.5 \= P/E ratio of a zero-growth stock​**
In 1974, the formula was revised to include both a risk-free rate of 4.4%, which was the average yield of high-grade corporate bonds in 1962 and the current yield on AAA corporate bonds represented by the letter Y:
V \= E P S   ×   ( 8 . 5   \+   2 g )   ×   4 . 4 Y V=\\frac{EPS\\ \\times\\ (8.5\\ +\\ 2g)\\ \\times\\ 4.4}{Y} V\=YEPS × (8.5 + 2g) × 4.4​ The Benjamin Method is a term used to describe the investment philosophy of Benjamin Graham (1894-1976), who is credited with inventing the strategy of value investing using fundamental analysis, whereby investors analyze stock data to find assets that have been systematically undervalued. Benjamin Graham’s method of value investing stresses that there are two types of investors: long-term and short-term investors. Benjamin Graham taught Warren Buffett while Buffett was studying at Columbia University, and Buffett has written that Graham’s books and teachings “became the bedrock upon which all of my investment and business decisions have been built.”

Benjamin Method

A board of directors (B of D) is a group of individuals elected to represent shareholders and establish and support the execution of management policies.

NASD and NYSE Rulemaking: Relating to Corporate Governance SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION (Release No. 34-48745; File Nos. SR-NYSE-2002-33, SR-NASD-2002-77, SR-NASD-2002-80, SR-NASD-2002-138, SR-NASD-2002-139, and SR-NASD-2002-141

Table of Contents
What Is Board of Directors? Bylaws can set the number of board members, how the board is elected (e.g., by a shareholder vote at an annual meeting), and how often the board meets. In addition to those duties, a board of directors is responsible for helping a corporation set broad goals, supporting executive duties, and ensuring the company has adequate, well-managed resources at its disposal. In addition to those duties, a board of directors is responsible for helping a corporation set broad goals, supporting executive responsibilities, and ensuring the company has adequate, well-managed resources at its disposal. The supervisory board is chaired by someone other than the presiding executive officer and addresses similar concerns as a board of directors in the United States.

Board of Directors (B of D)

A board of trustees is an appointed or elected group of individuals that has overall responsibility for the management of an organization. 

A board of trustees is an appointed or elected group of individuals that has overall responsibility for the management of an organization. The phrase board of trustees can often be used interchangeably with the board of directors, the board of governors or board of regents. A university endowment may have a special board of trustees that is responsible for the oversight and management of a portfolio of assets known as an endowment. The board of trustees is similar to the board of directors, but are commonly in private organizations. A board of trustees is similar to a board of directors and may act as such in some organizations.

What Is a Board of Trustees?

C-Suite is a widely-used informal term used to refer collectively to a corporation's most important senior executives—as in CEO, CFO, and COO.

C-suite, or C-level, is widely-used vernacular describing a cluster of a corporation's most important senior executives. Common c-suite executives include chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief operating officer (COO), and chief information officer (CIO).
C-level members work together to ensure a company stays true to its established plans and policies. Other C-Suite officers include:
Chief Compliance Officer (CCO)
Chief Human Resources Manager (CHRM)
Chief Security Officer (CSO)
Chief Green Officer (CGO)
Chief Analytics Officer (CAO)
Chief Marketing Officer (CMO)
Chief Data Officer (CDO)
Invariably the highest-level corporate executive, the CEO, traditionally serves as the face of the company and frequently consults other C-suite members for advice on major decisions. CFOs have global mindsets and work closely with CEOs to source new business opportunities while weighing each potential venture's financial risks and benefits.
A leader in information technology, the CIO usually starts as a business analyst, then works towards C-level glory while developing technical skills in disciplines such as programming, coding, project management, and mapping. C-suite, or C-level, is widely-used vernacular describing a cluster of a corporation's most important senior executives.

C-Suite

A chief financial officer (CFO) is the senior manager responsible for overseeing the financial activities of an entire company. 

Financial Managers - How to Become a Financial Manager

The term chief financial officer (CFO) refers to a senior executive responsible for managing the financial actions of a company. Alongside the CFO, these roles include the chief executive officer (CEO), the chief operating officer (COO), and the chief information officer (CIO).
Becoming a CFO requires a certain degree of experience in the industry. A CFO is often the highest financial position and the third-highest position in a company, playing a vital role in the company's strategic initiatives. Typical responsibilities for a CFO include developing the company’s budget, communicating with the company’s banking and insurance partners, and advising other executives on strategic matters relating to company finances.

Chief Financial Officer (CFO)

The chair of the board (COB) is the most powerful member on the board of directors and provides leadership to the firm's officers and executives.

Table of Contents
Expand The average compensation for a chair of the board from outside the company is $185,000, according to Salary.com
The chair takes on their role following a vote by the board of directors; similarly, the chair can be removed by the board if the board decides they are failing to live up to expectations. The chair of the board (COB) heads the board of directors, provides leadership to the firm's executives and other employees, leads the charge on big-picture decisions, and sets the tone for the corporate culture of the company. In some cases, the chair may also hold the title of president or chief executive officer of the company; these titles refer to executives who are typically more involved in directly executing strategies set out by the chair and the board. The Bottom Line
A chair of the board (COB) holds the most power and authority on the board of directors and provides leadership to the firm's officers and executives.

Chair of the Board (COB)

An organization's most powerful legal executive is its chief legal officer.

A chief legal officer (CLO) is often a publicly-traded company's most powerful legal executive. The chief legal officer (CLO) is an expert and leader who helps the company minimize its legal risks by advising the company's other officers and board members on any major legal and regulatory issues the company confronts, such as litigation risks. A chief legal officer (CLO) is a legal executive appointed to govern a firm's legal department, lead in-house attorneys, provide direction on major legal and regulatory issues, and work to minimize legal risks. If the company is involved in litigation, the chief legal officer might represent the company directly, lead the legal team that does, or select the attorney who will. A chief legal officer (CLO) is often a publicly-traded company's most powerful legal executive.

Chief Legal Officer (CLO)

A chief risk officer (CRO) is an executive who identifies and mitigates events that could threaten a company.

A chief risk officer is a corporate executive responsible for identifying, analyzing, and mitigating internal and external risks. The chief risk officer works to ensure that the company complies with government regulations, such as Sarbanes-Oxley, and reviews factors that could hurt investments or a company's business units. For example, if a company handles sensitive data from a third party, such as personal health information, there may be layers of security that the company is required to maintain to ensure that data is kept confidential. The role of the chief risk officer is constantly evolving as technologies and business practices change.
The position of chief risk officer is constantly evolving. If there are lapses in that security—such as when an employee allows an unauthorized person, even within the company, to have access to a company computer that contains such data—it can be a form of exposure that a CRO must address.

Chief Risk Officer (CRO)

The chief operating officer (COO) is a senior executive tasked with overseeing the day-to-day administrative and operational functions of a business.

Second in Command. The Misunderstood Role of the Chief Operating Officer

Oracle's First-Rate Second in Command/Ray Lane Makes Larry Ellison's Vision a Reality

To Ward Off Raids, Oracle Hikes Executive Pay

The Resurrection of Michael Dell. How a Bunch of Old Guys Got Michael Dell to Grow Up and Run His Company Like the Big Business It Has Become

Global Personal Computer Industry Factsheet 2020: Top 10 Largest Computer Companies in the World

Average Chief Operating Officer (COO) Salary

Table of Contents
What Is a Chief Operating Officer (COO)? The partner COO, who is brought in as another version of the CEO
The heir apparent, who becomes the COO to learn from the CEO, in order to ultimately assume the CEO position
A COO typically has extensive experience within the field in which a given company operates. A CEO is the top-most ranking person at a firm that is responsible for the long-term health and direction of the firm while a COO is the second-highest individual in the firm that reports to the CEO and is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the firm. Depending on the CEO's preference, the COO often handles a company's internal affairs, while the CEO functions as the public face of the company, and thereby handles all outward-facing communication. Depending on the CEO's preference, the COO often handles a company's internal affairs, while the CEO functions as the public face of the company, and thereby handles all outward-facing communication.

Chief Operating Officer (COO)

Duty of care is a fiduciary responsibility that requires company directors to make decisions in good faith and in a reasonably prudent manner.

What Are the Ethical Responsibilities of the CPA?

Duty of Care at Work: Your Company’s Responsibility to Keep Employees Safe

What is the "Duty of Care" in Personal Injury Law?

Table of Contents
What Is Duty of Care?
Understanding Duty of Care
Duty of Care vs. Duty of Loyalty
Special Considerations
Example of Duty of Care
Duty of Care FAQs Instead, their main focus is on assessing whether the directors:
1.  Fulfilled their duty of care by acting in a reasonably prudent manner when making the decision in the best interest of the corporation.
2.  Conducted an adequate degree of due diligence, otherwise known as ordinary care.
3.  Acted in good faith.
4.  Have not wasted corporate assets or resources on overpaying for goods, property, or labor.
Given that courts tend to defer to the judgment of executives, it can be exceptionally hard to prove a duty of care breach. Along with the duty of care, the other main fiduciary duty is the duty of loyalty; the duty of loyalty seeks to prevent directors from acting against the best interests of the corporation. The duty of loyalty is different from the duty of care because it seeks to prevent directors from acting against the best interests of the corporation or acting in such as way as to reap a personal benefit unavailable to other shareholders. Along with the duty of care, the other main fiduciary duty is the duty of loyalty.

Duty of Care

E. Linn Draper Jr. is a former chair, CEO and president of Ohio-based public utility holding company American Electric Power Company. 

AEP Board Elects Michael G. Morris President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Elect

Release No. 35-27186; 70-9381: American Electric Power Company, Inc. and Central and South West Corporation

State and regional policies that promote energy efficiency programs carried out by electric and gas utilities

Technical Analysis of the August 14, 2003, Blackout

Congressional Testimony – House Committee on Energy and Commerce

Ernest Linn Draper Jr. is the former chair, president and chief executive officer of American Electric Power (AEP), a public utility holding company based in Ohio that serves 11 states. Ernest Linn Draper Jr. is the former chair, president and chief executive officer of American Electric Power (AEP), a public utility holding company based in Ohio that serves 11 states. Ernest Linn Draper Jr. is the former chair, president and chief executive officer of American Electric Power (AEP). Ernest Linn Draper Jr. was born in 1942 in Houston, Texas, to Ernest Linn Draper and Marcia L. Saylor. Draper is an Eagle Scout and a Distinguished Eagle Scout, a distinction awarded to Eagle Scouts after twenty-five years of life work and a record of community volunteer work.

E. Linn Draper Jr.

A general manager is a person in charge of a department within a company. 

A general manager (GM) is responsible for all or part of a department's operations or the company's operations, including generating revenue and controlling costs. A general manager (GM) is responsible for all or part of a department's operations or the company's operations, including generating revenue and controlling costs. General managers often report to higher-level managers or executives and supervise lower-level managers. While a GM is responsible for all aspects of a business, an operations manager is only responsible for operations and production. A GM runs a line of business, whereas the CEO is the GM of all lines of business in a company.

General Manager (GM)

Glass cliff refers to the tendency of groups, organizations, or political parties to put women in power during times of crisis or downturn when the chance of failure is more likely.

The Glass Cliff: Evidence that Women are Over-Represented in Precarious Leadership Positions

The Glass Cliff Follows the Glass Ceiling: How to Prevent the Creation of the Glass Cliff

Legal Work and the Glass Cliff: Evidence that Women are Preferentially Selected to Lead Problematic Cases

Above the glass ceiling: When are women and racial/ethnic minorities promoted to CEO?

Female-led companies more likely to be targeted by activist investors, MU research finds

Should Women Be More Worried About The Glass Cliff Than The Glass Ceiling?

JCPenney's CEO is out after two years of failure

Why struggling companies promote women: the glass cliff, explained

Women are still not asking for pay rises. Here’s why

NEW RESEARCH SHOWS WOMEN ARE BETTER AT USING SOFT SKILLS CRUCIAL FOR EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP AND SUPERIOR BUSINESS PERFORMANCE, FINDS KORN FERRY

Table of Contents
What Is a Glass Cliff?
Understanding a Glass Cliff
Glass Cliff Prominence
Impact of a Glass Cliff
How to Prevent a Glass Cliff
Glass Cliff FAQs
 Glass cliff refers to the phenomenon of women in leadership roles, such as business executives in the corporate world and female candidates for political office, being more likely than men to be promoted to leadership roles during periods of crisis or downturn, when the chance of failure is highest.
The term is derived from the term glass ceiling, which refers to an unseen and unspoken limit on how high women can rise in an organization.
Placing a woman in this position gives the company someone to blame if she fails to pull the company out of its downward spiral. Later, in 2013, the researchers Alison Cook and Christy Glass published their findings related to the promotion probabilities and leadership tenure of women and racial/ethnic minority CEOs within Fortune 500 companies in the U.S. Using a dataset of all CEO transitions in Fortune 500 companies over a 15‐year period, Cook and Glass's findings were consistent with the theory of the glass cliff; occupational minorities (white women and men and women of color) are more likely than white men to be promoted CEO of firms that are performing poorly. The metaphor of the glass cliff is that women in this position are at risk of falling off a cliff (and failing).
There are many reasons why women tend to be placed in more precarious leadership roles than men. Women in leadership roles, such as business executives in the corporate world and female candidates for political office, are more likely than men to be promoted to leadership roles during periods of crisis or downturn, when the chance of failure is highest.

Glass Cliff

A fictional villain in the movie "Wall Street," Gordon Gekko is seen as a symbol of greed.

FBI Announces Public Service Announcement by Michael Douglas on Securities Fraud and Insider Trading

Gordon Gekko is a fictional character who appears as the villain in the popular 1987 Oliver Stone movie "Wall Street" and its 2010 sequel "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps." Gekko makes Fox wealthy, but eventually, Fox regrets what he has done and turns state's evidence against Gekko, who is sent to prison for securities fraud and insider trading. Predatory, amoral Gekko is only impressed when Fox is willing to compromise his ethics and provide Gekko with inside information about his father's company. claimed that Gekko was partially based on corporate raider Carl Icahn, disgraced stock trader Ivan Boesky, and investor Michael Ovitz. Weiser adds that some of Gekko's blunt, workaholic dialogue is lifted from the phone calls and work sessions of the film's director and co-writer Oliver Stone.

Gordon Gekko

The Hersey-Blanchard Model suggests there is no single leadership style that is better than another.

The Hersey-Blanchard Model suggests no single leadership style is better than another. According to the model, the following are styles of leadership managers can use:
**Delegating style:** A low-task, low-relationship style wherein the leader allows the group to take responsibility for task decisions. **Selling style:** A high-task, high-relationship style in which the leader attempts to sell their ideas to the group by explaining task directions in a persuasive manner. The Hersey-Blanchard Model, or situational leadership style, was developed by author Paul Hersey and leadership expert Ken Blanchard, author of _The One Minute Manager_. **Telling style:** A high-task, low-relationship style wherein the leader gives explicit directions and supervises work closely.

Hersey-Blanchard Model

James M. Buchanan Jr. was an American economist and architect of the public choice theory in economics. 

Table of Contents
Who Was James M. Buchanan Jr.?
Understanding Buchanan
Public Choice Theory
Public vs. Social Choice Theory
 His insights regarding human nature and political outcomes provide a broader understanding of the incentives that motivate political actors and allow for more accurate predictions of political decision-making.
Within the public choice theory, voters, lawmakers, and bureaucrats are not simply assumed to always act in the best public interest, but to also make political decisions with personal gain in mind. Along with fellow economist Gordon Tullock, he wrote the well-known book _The Calculus of Consent_, which presents the basic principles of public choice theory and is considered to be one of the classic works from the discipline of public choice in political science and economics. Because voter behavior influences politicians’ behavior, public choice theory often builds off of the social choice theory. This theory applies economics to political decision-making and defies the conventional wisdom that politicians act in the best interests of their constituents and analyzes how incentives shape politicians' choices to act in their own self-interest.

Who Was James M. Buchanan Jr.?

Joseph Schumpeter is one of the 20th century's great economic thinkers, best-known for his theories on business cycles and capitalist development.

Schumpeter, Lederer and Hilferding on Economic Development, Credit and Business Cycles

Schumpeter’s Innovation Theory of Profit

Table of Contents
Early Life and Education
Accomplishments and Theories
Example of Schumpetarian Theory
Schumpeter vs. Keynes The internet is one of the best examples of creative destruction, the term that Schumpeter coined to describe the dismantling of long-standing practices in order to make way for new technologies, new kinds of products, new methods of production, and new means of distribution. The internet is one of the best examples of creative destruction, the term that Schumpeter coined to describe the dismantling of long-standing practices in order to make way for new technologies, new kinds of products, new methods of production, and new means of distribution. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur was the cornerstone of capitalism—the source of innovation, which is the vital force driving a capitalist economy.
Joseph Alois Schumpeter is best known for his 1942 book _Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy_, the theory of creative destruction, and for offering the first German and English references to methodological individualism in economics. Schumpeter made many contributions to economic science and political theory, but he is best known for his 1942 book _Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy_, which outlines the theory of dynamic economic growth known as creative destruction.

Who Is Joseph Schumpeter? What Is He Known For?

A key employee is a staffer who is a stakeholder with a decision-making role at a company.

A key employee is an employee with major ownership and/or decision-making role in the business. The company may define the work of the employee as vital to the infrastructure and operation of the business, even though that employee may not have a highly-visible role in terms of the public or outside business relations. It refers:
to an employee who owns more than 5 percent of the business,
owns more than 1% of the business,
and has annual compensation greater than a certain amount or is an officer with compensation greater than a certain amount. A key employee is an employee with major ownership and/or decision-making role in the business. For example, the employee may hold a role tied directly to sales channels for the company, intertwining their performance and business activities with the cash flow.

Key Employee

The Leadership Grid is a behavioral model used by organizations to assess their employees" leadership styles. There are five basic styles to consider.

The Leadership Grid is a model of behavioral leadership developed in the 1960s by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton. Previously known as the Managerial Grid, the Leadership Grid is based on two behavioral dimensions: concern for production, which is plotted on the X-axis on a scale from one to nine points; and concern for people, which is plotted on a similar scale along the Y-axis. The Leadership Grid is a model of behavioral leadership developed in the 1960s to measure concern for production against concern for people. The model proposes that the Team leadership style, which displays a high degree of concern for both production and people, may boost employee productivity. The Impoverished or Indifferent leadership style in the model refers to the style that shows little regard for the team or overall production.

Leadership Grid

Leadership in business alludes to the ability of a company's management to make sound decisions and inspire others to perform well.

Leadership in business is the capacity of a company's management to set and achieve challenging goals, take fast and decisive action when needed, outperform the competition, and inspire others to perform at the highest level they can. Individuals with strong leadership skills in the business world often rise to executive positions such as CEO (chief executive officer), COO (chief operating officer), CFO (chief financial officer), president, and chair. Leadership involves setting and achieving goals, taking action, and beating the competition, but it also relates to the tone of the company's management and what kind of culture is built for the employees. Leadership can also speak to a more holistic approach, as in the tone a company's management sets or the culture of the company that management establishes. Leadership in business is the capacity of a company's management to set and achieve challenging goals, take fast and decisive action when needed, outperform the competition, and inspire others to perform at the highest level they can.

Leadership

The least-preferred coworker scale, developed by Fred Fiedler, identifies whether a leadership style is relationship-oriented or task-oriented.

The least-preferred coworker scale, developed by American scholar Fred Fiedler, identifies whether an individual's leadership style is either relationship-oriented or task-oriented. The LPC scale assumes that people whose leadership style is relationship-oriented tend to describe their least preferred coworkers in a more positive manner, while those whose style is task-oriented rate them more negatively. The least-preferred coworker scale (LPC) is a management heuristic that assigns an individual's leadership style as either task-oriented or relationship-oriented. The least-preferred coworker scale, developed by American scholar Fred Fiedler, identifies whether an individual's leadership style is either relationship-oriented or task-oriented. A high LPC score indicates that the individual is a relationship-oriented leader, while a low LPC score suggests a task-oriented leader.

Least-Preferred Coworker Scale

A macro manager is a boss or supervisor who lets employees do their jobs with minimal supervision.

A macro manager is a type of boss or supervisor who takes a more hands-off approach and lets employees do their jobs with minimal direct supervision. Adopting a macro-management leadership style can include delegating authority and responsibilities, while the manager focuses their attention on developing and executing the overall strategy for the team. Adopting a macro-management leadership style can include delegating authority and responsibilities, while the manager focuses their attention on developing and executing the overall strategy for the team. A macro manager is a type of boss or supervisor who takes a more hands-off approach and lets employees do their jobs with minimal direct supervision. A macro manager is the opposite of a micromanager, a supervisor who constantly looks over employees' shoulders and is often perceived as controlling and overly critical.

Macro Manager

An exploration into leadership styles, the Michigan Leadership Studies sought to identify what led to greater productivity.

The Michigan Leadership Studies was a well-known series of leadership studies that commenced at the University of Michigan in the 1950s, intending to identify the principles and types of leadership styles that led to greater productivity and enhanced job satisfaction among workers. The Michigan Leadership Studies was a well-known series of leadership studies that commenced at the University of Michigan in the 1950s, intending to identify the principles and types of leadership styles that led to greater productivity and enhanced job satisfaction among workers. The Michigan leadership studies, along with the Ohio State University studies that took place in the 1940s, are two of the best-known behavioral leadership studies and continue to be cited to this day. The studies categorized leadership styles as either employee orientation, which emphasizes human relations, or production orientation, which focuses on task-oriented activities. Although the Michigan Leadership Studies remain notable, other theories and studies on leadership approaches have developed in more recent years that take into account different dynamics, such as the servant leadership philosophy.

Michigan Leadership Studies

A micromanager is a boss or manager who gives excessive supervision to employees.

A micromanager is a boss or manager who gives excessive supervision to employees. Signs of micromanagers include but are not limited to:
Asking to be CC’d on every email
Occupying themselves with the work assigned to others, thereby, taking on more work than they can handle because they believe they can do it better
Looking over the team’s shoulders (both literally and figuratively) to monitor what each member is working on
Constantly asking for updates on where things stand
Wanting to know what each team member is working on all the time
Delegating not only what needs to be done, but how it should be done, leaving no room for the team to take their own initiative
Never being satisfied with the deliverables
Focusing on details that are not important
From the list provided above, it is easy to understand that a micromanager struggles with meeting deadlines since work has to be redone repeatedly, and valuable time is spent poring over inconsequential details. ”
Have an open-door policy for members of the team to use for coaching or further guidance if and when they want it.
Set a deadline for each stage of an assigned project, after which a meeting with a reasonable time limit should be conducted to receive updates on the work. A micromanager, rather than telling an employee what task needs to be accomplished and by when—will watch the employee's actions closely and provide frequent criticism of the employee’s work and processes. A micromanager will usually use up most of their time supervising the work of their direct reports and exaggerating the importance of minor details to subordinates; time that could have been used to get other important things done.

Micromanager

A non-executive director is a member of a company's board of directors who is not part of the executive team.

A non-executive director is a member of a company's board of directors who is not part of the executive team. These directors can do this by helping with—and managing—a company's strategy, performance, and risk from an objective standpoint unrelated to the intimacy of day-to-day operations.
The non-executive director, in this example, may do so by providing executive directors with insight into hidden problems or external factors that may negatively affect the business and its profitability. Since non-executive directors do not hold C-level or managerial positions, they are thought to understand the interests of the company with greater objectivity than the executive directors, who may have an agency problem or conflict of interest between management and stockholders or other stakeholders. Non-executive directors (also known as external directors, independent directors, and outside directors) are put in place to challenge the direction and performance of a company as well as its existing team. In addition, non-executive directors' responsibilities include the monitoring of the executive directors and acting in the interest of the company stakeholders.

Non-Executive Director

Performance management is a corporate management tool that helps managers to monitor and evaluate employees' work.

Performance management is a corporate management tool that helps managers monitor and evaluate employees' work. A formal performance-management program helps managers and employees see eye-to-eye about expectations, goals, and career progress, including how an individual's work aligns with the company's overall vision. Performance management is a corporate management tool that helps managers monitor and evaluate employees' work. Effective performance-management programs, however, contain certain universal elements, such as:
**Aligning employees' activities with the company's mission and goals. Managers can use performance management tools to adjust workflow, recommend new courses of action, and make other decisions that will help employees achieve their objectives.

Performance Management

Philanthropy is charitable giving by individuals and organizations to worthy causes. Philanthropy includes donating money, time, and other forms of altruism.

Exemption Requirements - 501(c)(3) Organizations

A Model of Christian Charity: JOHN WINTHROP 1630

TRANSACTIONS OF THE COLONIAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS MARCH MEETING, 1919

Giving USA 2020: Charitable giving showed solid growth, climbing to $449.64 billion in 2019, one of the highest years for giving on record

Philanthropy involves charitable giving to worthy causes on a large scale. Andrew Carnegie is one of America's most famous philanthropists, noted for the large scale of his charitable contributions, which included the building of more than 2,500 libraries worldwide. Likewise, billionaire and Microsoft mogul Bill Gates and his ex-wife, Melinda, established the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to support global development and global health programs. Today, the Charitable Contributions Deduction allows American taxpayers who make substantial charitable gifts to take generous tax deductions for the year in which their donations were made. Coming in third were human services groups, which reaped 12.5% worth of windfalls in that year, while grantmaking foundations received 12%, and health organizations received 9%.

Philanthropy

A power broker is an influential person who may works through their connections to help sway others rather than attempting the same thing publicly.

A power broker is an individual who is able to influence the decisions of other parties. As a power broker, the retired-exec would work his network to feel out interest in the project among oil and gas majors, identify customers in target markets to bring in early, and begin laying the groundwork for the political and regulatory acceptance necessary for such a large project. Industry lobbyists and media personnel are often viewed as power brokers because they are familiar with the ins and outs of particular issues and are able to reach and influence decision makers faster than those less familiar with key players. Former CEOs who have retired from their industry often become power brokers within their former industry through their existing connections and board positions held post-retirement. In Hollywood, Harvey Weinstein was seen as a power broker who used his connection to make and break careers—and his abuse of this power to sexually assault and later silence women led to his downfall.

Power Broker  & Example

Servant leadership is a leadership philosophy in which an individual interacts with others with the aim of achieving authority rather than power. 

Table of Contents
How Servant Leadership Works
Servant Leadership Example
Servant Leadership Pros and Cons
Servant Leadership FAQs Some of the advantages of servant leadership are that leaders earn respect from their employees; employees feel valued and that management is looking out for their interests; there is a shared vision; there is often greater trust among employees and leaders; leaders consider the opinions of staff, which is likely to improve innovative efforts; and individuals develop skills and can advance professionally in a supportive environment.
The disadvantages of servant leadership are that few leaders have experience in this type of management; adopting this style of leadership may require difficult cultural change; decisions can take time, which can be detrimental in times of crisis; or staff may be given more responsibility than they are able to carry.
Pros of Servant Leadership
Leaders earn the respect of others
There is often a shared vision and greater trust
Employee opinion contributes to company decision making for better outcomes
Individuals advance in a supportive environment
Cons of Servant Leadership
Few leaders are familiar with this type of leadership
Adopting this type of leadership may require difficult cultural change
This type of leadership is not conducive to rapid decision making The Bottom Line
Servant leadership is a leadership style and philosophy whereby an individual interacts with others—either in a management or fellow employee capacity—to achieve authority rather than power. Table of Contents
How Servant Leadership Works
Servant Leadership Example
Servant Leadership Pros and Cons
Servant Leadership FAQs Servant leadership also aims to develop leadership qualities in others.

Servant Leadership

Skin in the game is a phrase that refers to a situation in which high-ranking insiders use their own money to buy stock in the company they are running.

Ownership Reports and Trading by Officers, Directors, and Principal Security Holders [Release No. 34-46313; File No. S7-31-02]

Table of Contents
What Is Skin in the Game? Understanding Skin in the Game
Limitations of Skin in the Game
Disclosure Requirements
Real-World Example
Skin in the game is a phrase made popular by renowned investor Warren Buffett referring to a situation in which high-ranking insiders use their own money to buy stock in the company they are running. In business and financing, the term skin in the game is used to refer to owners or principals having a significant stake in an investment vehicle, such as shares of a company, in which outside investors are solicited to invest. When an executive puts skin in the game, it is seen as a sign of good faith or a show of confidence in the future of the company, and it is seen as a positive sign by outside investors. Skin in the game—or insider ownership—also conveys to investors that the company will likely put its best foot forward to generate returns for its investors.

Skin in the Game

The term "white collar" refers to the working class that commonly works in offices and earns high average salaries.

Table of Contents
What Is White Collar?
Understanding White Collar
Expectations of White-Collar Jobs
Other "Collars"
White Collar Definition FAQs
A white-collar worker belongs to a class of employees known for earning higher average salaries doing highly skilled work, but not by performing manual labor at their jobs. The blue-collar worker is often perceived as lower-status than a white-collar worker who might work behind a desk in the service industry, while the blue-collar worker gets their hands dirty doing manual labor or manufacturing. These include pink collar, green collar, gold collar, and gray collar. White-collar workers and jobs are often portrayed in contrast to blue-collar work, insinuating a stratification of the working class. That said, white-collar jobs tend to pay more than blue-collar jobs and come with more generous benefits.

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