The AAOIFI is a non-profit organization established to maintain and promote Shari'ah standards for Islamic financial institutions.

The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) is a not-for-profit organization that was established to maintain and promote Shari'ah standards for Islamic financial institutions, participants, and the overall industry. The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) is a not-for-profit organization that was established to maintain and promote Shari'ah standards for Islamic financial institutions, participants, and the overall industry. The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) oversees Islamic banking to ensure its members follow the rules and prohibitions set forth by Shari'ah law. The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) was created on February 26, 1990, to ensure that participants conform to the regulations set out in Islamic finance. The Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions sets compliance standards for institutions that wish to gain access to the Islamic banking market.

Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI)

ABCD Counties are categories of U.S. counties devised by The Nielsen Corp. based on U.S. Census Bureau population data and metropolitan areas. 

2010 Census Summary File 1 Technical Documentation

A Counties come from the 25 largest U.S. cities and have more than 20,000 households, while D Counties are very rural and have no population requirements. ABCD Counties are categories of U.S. counties devised by The Nielsen Corp. based on U.S. Census Bureau population data and metropolitan areas. **C County:** Any county or consolidated statistical areas that is not an A County or a B County and has a population over 40,000. **B County:** Any county that does not qualify as an A County, which also has a population of at least 150,000, or is part of a consolidated statistical area with a population over 150,000.

ABCD Counties

The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority is a government-owned investment organization that manages the sovereign wealth fund for Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 

The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority is a government-owned investment organization that manages the sovereign wealth fund for Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA) is a government-owned investment organization that manages the sovereign wealth fund for Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The Abu Dhabi Investment Authority is a government-owned investment organization that manages the sovereign wealth fund for Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. According to the Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute's rankings, the ADIA sovereign wealth fund ranked as the third-largest in the world in 2019 with $696.6 billion in assets. In U.S. dollars, the 20-year and 30-year annualized rates of return for the ADIA portfolio were 5.4% and 6.5% respectively, citing 2018 numbers, with performance measured based on underlying audited financial data and calculated on a time-weighted basis, the fund reported.

Abu Dhabi Investment Authority (ADIA)

An administered price is the price of a good or service as dictated by a government, as opposed to market forces. 

An administered price is the price of a good or service as dictated by a government or centralized authority, as opposed to buyers and sellers interacting according to supply and demand. These include information problems, where the absence of market prices for various goods leaves the government essentially guessing what price to administratively set for a given good, and incentive problems such as rent seeking behavior, where self-interested parties seek to influence the level of the administered price in their own favor. Or, they may believe that they have to assign administered prices in place of market prices for certain goods that pure market forces may be unable to price efficiently, if at all. If a price is set lower than the market equilibrium price – the point at which the two curves intersect – the quantity supplied will be less than the quantity demanded: in other words, there will be a shortage, which makes both buyers and sellers worse off relative to letting the market clear. Even in mostly capitalist market economies, some prices are set administratively such as in the case of rent controls, certain wages, or price ceilings on food items and basic goods.

Administered Price

Administrative law is the body of law that governs the regulation of government agencies at federal and state levels.

Administrative law is the body of law that governs the administration and regulation of government agencies (both federal and state). Administrative law is an arm of public law and is also known as “regulatory law.”
In the U.S., Congress or state legislatures create administrative law. Administrative law governs such federal agencies as the U.S. Department of Labor, the Federal Communications Commission, and the Securities Exchange Commission, and state agencies such as workers’ compensation boards. Administrative law is the body of law that governs the administration and regulation of government agencies (both federal and state). Administrative law is considered a branch of public law and is often referred to as regulatory law.

Administrative Law

An Administrative Order on Consent is an agreement in which an individual or business agrees to pay for environmental damages.

An Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) is an agreement between an individual or business and a regulatory body in which the individual or business agrees to pay for damages caused by violations and to cease activities that caused the damages to occur. In most cases, both the government and the business is jointly liable for the components of the agreement that apply to them, so both the business and the government have an interest in mitigating the environmental damage.
Administrative orders on consent (AOCs) are used by state and federal governments to compel individuals and businesses to pay for environmental damages caused by their activities.
Damages may be limited, such as a small spill that can be cleaned up relatively quickly and easily, or they may be extensive, such as a Superfund cleanup or a major oil spill. An Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) is an agreement between an individual or business and a regulatory body in which the individual or business agrees to pay for damages caused by violations and to cease activities that caused the damages to occur. An administrative order on consent (AOC) is an agreement between an individual or business and a regulatory body in which they agree to pay for damages caused by violations and to cease the activities that caused the damages to occur. Both the business involved in the administrative order on consent and the government issuing the AOC have an interest in ensuring that environmental damages are taken care of in a cost-effective and timely manner.

Administrative Order On Consent (AOC)

An advance determination ruling (ADR) is a decision issued by the Internal Revenue Service to a taxpayer with regard to a taxation or pricing matter.

Advance Pricing and Mutual Agreement Program

Publication 557: Tax-Exempt Status for Your Organization

An advance determination ruling (ADR) is a decision or ruling issued by the Internal Revenue Service to a taxpayer about a taxation or pricing matter. The IRS has broad discretion in refusing to consider an advance determination request and also has broad discretion in refusing to issue a ruling even though it may have agreed to consider the ADR request. Determination letters are issued to tax-exempt organizations, for example, showing the determination of the IRS that the organization is indeed tax exempt and which provision of the tax code is the basis for the exemption. An advance determination ruling (ADR) is a decision or ruling issued by the Internal Revenue Service to a taxpayer about a taxation or pricing matter. The purpose of the ADR procedure is to reduce the uncertainties and improve the predictability for both the taxpayer and the government due to international transactions, and also to ease the cost burden and expense of an examination necessary to resolve transfer pricing controversies for both the taxpayers and the governments involved.

Advance Determination Ruling (ADR)

Affirmative action is a series of policies that aim to increase the opportunities provided to underrepresented members of society.

Americans See Advantages and Challenges in Country’s Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity

MORE HISTORY OF AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICIES FROM THE 1960s

The term affirmative action refers to a policy aimed at increasing workplace or educational opportunities for underrepresented parts of society. Pros
Provides opportunities for minorities and people from disadvantaged groups
Diversifies society
Costs to implement policies can be too high
Leads to reverse discrimination
Affirmative action is a very controversial topic and often leads to heated debates between those who support it and people who feel it doesn't benefit society. Policies often implement hiring quotas, provide grants and scholarships, and may also deny government funding and contracts to institutions that fail to follow the policy guidelines
Affirmative action now includes assistance for gender representation, people with disabilities, and covered veterans. The goal of affirmative action is to open up opportunities to individuals and groups that have historically been underrepresented or (in some cases, barred) from entering certain parts of academia, the government, and the workforce. Affirmative action is a government-backed policy that was developed to help underrepresented groups get access to opportunities in academia, as well as the workforce and government.

Affirmative Action

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is the federal statute signed into law in 2010 as a part of the healthcare reform agenda of the Obama administration.

Compilation of Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

What Marketplace Health Insurance Plans Cover

New HHS Data Show More Americans Than Ever Have Health Coverage Through the Affordable Care Act

 "Enroll In or Change 2021 Plans—Only With a Special Enrollment Period

No Health Insurance? See If You'll Owe a Fee

National Federation of Independent Business, et al. v. Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, et al.

Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal

Data Note: Changes in Enrollment in the Individual Health Insurance Market Through Early 2019

New HHS Data Shows More Americans Than Ever Have Health Coverage Through the Affordable Care Act

Affordable Care Act Approval Tied for High

Fifth Circuit Declares Obamacare Mandate Unconstitutional; Remands to District Court to Determine if Any Portions of the Law Can Remain

"Fact Sheet: President Biden to Sign Executive Orders Strengthening Americans’ Access to Quality, Affordable Health Care

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is the comprehensive healthcare reform signed into law by President Barack Obama in March 2010. This executive ordering federal agencies to examine five areas and decide whether action is needed there:
Protections for people with pre-existing conditions
Work requirements and other limitations to access to Medicaid and the ACA
Policies undermining health insurance markets, including the Health Insurance Marketplace
Policies increasing the difficulty of enrolling in Medicaid and the ACA
Policies reducing affordability or financial assistance, for recipients or dependents The act expanded Medicaid eligibility, created health insurance exchanges, mandated that Americans purchase or otherwise obtain health insurance, and prohibited insurance companies from denying coverage (or charging more) due to pre-existing conditions. By 2018, the number of Americans covered under the ACA had dropped to 13.8 million (from 17.4 million in 2015), according to a report from healthcare research organization KFF.﻿﻿ By 2021, there were 11.3 million people with plans through the ACA, but 14.8 million people newly enrolled in Medicaid through the ACA expansion. The act expanded Medicaid eligibility, created a Health Insurance Marketplace, prevented insurance companies from denying coverage due to pre-existing conditions, and required plans to cover a list of essential health benefits.

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

An amendment is a change or addition to the terms of a contract agreement, government document, or law.

An amendment is a change or addition to the terms of a contract, law, government regulatory filing, or other documents. An amendment is a change or addition to the terms of a contract, law, government regulatory filing, or other documents. An amendment is a change or addition to the terms of a contract or document. An amendment might change a price or a deadline, correct a misstatement in the document, or address an unforeseen issue. Many of these laws and regulations had to be amended in order to facilitate (and regulate) online payment systems, electronic signatures, online stock transactions, and more.

Amendment

The American Rule is the standard that two opposing sides in a legal matter pay their own attorney fees, whether they win or lose the case.

The American Rule is a rule in the U.S. justice system that says two opposing sides in a legal matter must pay their own attorney fees, regardless of who wins the case. The American Rule is a rule in the U.S. justice system that says two opposing sides in a legal matter must pay their own attorney fees, regardless of who wins the case. The American Rule in California is codified in the California Code of Civil Procedure § 1021:
“Except as attorney's fees are specifically provided for by statute, the measure and mode of compensation of attorneys and counselors at law is left to the agreement, express or implied, of the parties; but parties to actions or proceedings are entitled to their costs, as hereinafter provided.” The state of California follows the American Rule, requiring both the winning and the losing party of a lawsuit to pay for their own legal fees in the absence of agreement or statute to the contrary. The American Rule requires both sides—the plaintiff and the defendant—in a court case to pay their own legal fees, no matter who wins the case.

American Rule

The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination against disabled people with respect to employment, transportation, and other services.

Before the amendment, people with disabilities including cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning disabilities could be excluded from ADA coverage.
The ADA established standards for accessible design for public accommodations that include creating automatic doorways, ramps, and elevators to accommodate wheelchairs. The Department of Labor enforces state and local government services under Title II and public accommodations under Title III.
The Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008 allowed for a broader legal definition of “disability.” Title I of the law prohibits discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities during job application procedures, hiring, firing, the pursuit of career advancement, compensation, job training, and other aspects of employment. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities and guarantees that they have equal opportunity to participate in mainstream American life.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Anarchy is the rejection of governmental authority and societal hierarchy. It also has become a synonym for chaos and disorder.

Domestic Terrorism, Anarchist Extremism: A Primer

Anarchy, derived from a Greek word meaning "having no ruler," is a belief system that rejects governmental authority in favor of self-governing or community consensus that has become a synonym for chaos and the breakdown of civil order. Different types of anarchism include anarchist communism, anarchist socialism, green anarchism, and crypto-anarchism. Individualist anarchists believe in the freedom of the self and oppose the authority of government while social anarchists believe that political power and resources should be shared equally by all in a community. This school of thought has a number of branches, including collectivist anarchism, also referred to as revolutionary socialism; anarcho-communism, also known as libertarian communism; and anarcho-syndicalism, which promotes collectivist labor unions with no union bosses to speak of. Since anarchism rejects government-imposed structured order, critics suggest that anarchism inevitably leads to chaos and destruction.

Anarchy

The anti-diversion clause is a regulation that prevents exported goods from going to destinations not approved by the U.S. government.

The anti-diversion clause is a U.S. government regulation that prohibits exported goods from being shipped to unapproved destinations. The bill of lading or other documents of such products will display official wording (called the destination control statement) that the license of the exporter is not valid except for specified receivers of the goods. The anti-diversion clause is a U.S. government regulation that prohibits exported goods from being shipped to unapproved destinations. The Bureau of Industry and Security under the Department of Commerce requires commercially exported goods to be accompanied by a destination control statement. This document states that the goods are only authorized for export to certain locations and that U.S. law prohibits their diversion.

Anti-Diversion Clause

Anti-dumping duty is a protectionist tariff that a government places on imports thought to be significantly underpriced.

Understanding Antidumping & Countervailing Duty Investigations

Commerce Initiates Antidumping Duty and Countervailing Duty Investigations of Imports of Corrosion-Resistant Steel Products from China, India, Italy, Korea, and Taiwan

Commerce Finds Dumping of Imports of Certain Cold-Rolled Steel Flat Products from the People’s Republic of China and Japan, and Countervailable Subsidization of Imports of Certain Cold-Rolled Steel Flat Products from the People’s Republic of China

China Files WTO Complaint Over the United States’ Tariff Measures on Chinese Goods

China — Additional Duties on Certain Products from the United States

An anti-dumping duty is a protectionist tariff that a domestic government imposes on foreign imports that it believes are priced below fair market value. In order to protect their respective economy, many countries impose duties on products they believe are being dumped in their national market because these products have the potential to undercut local businesses and the local economy.
In the U.S., the International Trade Commission (ITC)–an independent government agency–is tasked with imposing anti-dumping duties. The World Trade Organization (WTO)–an international organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations–also operates a set of international trade rules, including the international regulation of anti-dumping measures. After conducting a review, one year later the U.S. announced that it would be imposing a total of 522% combined anti-dumping and countervailing import duties on certain steel imported from China.﻿﻿ In 2018, China filed a complaint with the WTO challenging the tariffs imposed by the Trump administration.﻿﻿ While the intention of anti-dumping duties is to save domestic jobs, these tariffs can also lead to higher prices for domestic consumers.

Anti-Dumping Duty

Antitrust laws apply to virtually all industries and to every level of business, including manufacturing, transportation, distribution, and marketing.

Antitrust laws are regulations that encourage competition by limiting the market power of any particular firm. The Sherman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, and the Clayton Act are the key laws that set the groundwork for antitrust regulation. The Sherman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act are the three pivotal laws in the history of antitrust regulation. In 2020, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, is a federal agency in charge of enforcing federal antitrust laws. Predating the Sherman Act, The Interstate Commerce Act was also beneficial in establishing antitrust regulations, although it was less influential than some of the others.

Antitrust

An appeal bond is a sum of money supplied by an appellant of a judgment that is placed in holding while an appeal is being decided.

Rule 7. Bond for Costs on Appeal in a Civil Case

Florida Supersedeas Bond (Appeal Bond Florida)

An appeal bond is an amount of money placed in holding while an appeal is being decided. The appeal bond is also used to limit frivolous attempts at an appeal, as the appellant still has to pay the judgment upfront in the form of a bond, and may end up paying more ultimately due to interest, fees, lawyers, etc.
After a civil court ruling, the losing party can appeal by bringing the court case to the higher court. An appeal bond, or supersedeas bond, is a payment that a court requires from an appellant who is awaiting the appeal of a judgment. An appeal bond should be discussed early in a case since the cost of this bond can be high, and defendants are required to post this bond a few weeks after the judgment. In addition to an appeal bond premium, applicants must put up collateral worth 100% of the bond amount to qualify for an appeal bond.

Appeal Bond

The Appleton Rule is a regulation that requires every insurer in New York to abide by its state law, even when they conduct business in other states.

Financial Guaranty Bonds and the Appleton Rule

Five things insurers need to know before doing insurance business in New York

Re: Penalties for Appleton Rule Violations N.Y. Ins. Law § 1106 (McKinney 2000)

The Appleton Rule requires every insurer in New York to abide by its state law, even when they conduct business in other states. The rule requires that every insurer doing business in New York abide by New York state law, specifically the New York Insurance Code, even if it does business in other states.﻿﻿ The Appleton Rule made New York a leader in insurance regulation and means the Empire State is one of the most stringently regulated states for insurance companies to do business. The Appleton Rule was first enacted as an administrative regulation at the turn of the 20th Century, and in 1939, it was incorporated into New York's state insurance laws.﻿﻿ Although the regulation was popular with consumers in New York for its consumer protection provisions, it was not met with as much enthusiasm by insurance companies. The Appleton Rule is a regulation that requires every insurer in New York to abide by its state law, specifically the New York Insurance Code, even when they conduct business in other states. Essentially, any insurance company that wants to be licensed in New York, notwithstanding a rare exception issued by the superintendent, will be barred from doing business outside of New York in any way it wouldn't be allowed to in the state, even if the other state's laws allow for it.

Appleton Rule

The Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) was founded by the Arab League to stabilize payment imbalances among 22 participating member states.

Arab Monetary Fund and World Bank Group Join Efforts to Support Financial Sector Development in the Arab World

The fund's organizational structure is headed up by its board of governors, followed by the board of executive directors, and the director-general.﻿﻿ Each state is represented in the board of governors by a governor and an alternate or deputy governor.﻿﻿ This board nominates eight individuals from the member states to the board of executive directors for a three-year period, along with the director-general for five years—a term that is renewable. The fund's management consists of a board of governors, and a board of executive directors, along with other units and subcommittee's that form the structural framework of the fund.
The Arab Monetary Fund was established as a sub-organization of the Arab League in 1976 and became active the following year.﻿﻿ From that starting point, the AMF began to engage in projects that target, among others, the following objectives:
Minimizing trade restrictions and payments
Developing capital markets within and among Arab nations
Calibrating monetary policies among member nations
Loosening flows of capital across the Arab world The fund was established in order to balance payments and promote beneficial trade between participating member nations to boost the development of their economies.﻿﻿ The fund has 22 member nations spread across the Middle East and North Africa.

Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)

Arraignment is a court proceeding in which the defendant is read the charges in the indictment, and is asked to enter a plea.

Constitution of the United States: 6th Amendment

Former McKinsey CEO Gupta Pleased Not Guilty to Insider-Trading Charges

Fallen Icon: Former Goldman Sachs Director Rajat Gupta Found Guilty

Arraignment is a court proceeding in which the defendant is read the charges in the indictment, and is asked to enter a plea. Before bail is granted, the judge reviews the defendant’s background, including the defendant’s criminal record, to determine if the defendant will pose a significant risk if released. In the United States, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure requires an arraignment to occur in open court, where the defendant is provided a copy of the indictment, is read the indictment, and is asked to plead guilty or not guilty to the charges. Typically, the defendant attends the arraignment in person, but in cases in which the punishment would be a fine or imprisonment for less than a year, the defendant does not have to be present. If the defendant is denied bail or if the defendant cannot post bail, they will be kept in custody.

Arraignment

Article 50 is the clause of the European Union's Lisbon Treaty that outlines how to leave the EU.

Consolidated Versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Article 50 Author Lord Kerr Says Brexit Not Inevitable

Explainer: Brexit ends Britons' right to live and work in EU

Parliament Formally Approves EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement

Table of Contents
What Is Article 50? The article became a subject of serious discussion during the European sovereign debt crisis of 2010 to 2014 when Greece's economy appeared to be in trouble.
The United Kingdom became the first country to invoke Article 50 after a majority of voters elected to leave the bloc.
Article 50 is part of the Lisbon Treaty, which was signed and ratified by all 27 member states of the European Union in 2007 and came into effect in 2009. Article 50 is a clause in the European Union's Lisbon Treaty that outlines how a country can leave the bloc voluntarily.
The article states: “Any member state may decide to withdraw from the union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.” Article 50 is a clause in the European Union's (EU) Lisbon Treaty that outlines the steps to be taken by a country seeking to leave the bloc voluntarily. According to the article's text:
1.  Any Member State may decide to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements.
2.  A Member State which decides to withdraw shall notify the European Council of its intention.

Article 50

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a Beijing-based multilateral development bank that finances infrastructure projects in Asia.

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a new international development bank that provides financing for infrastructure projects in Asia. Many observers have interpreted the bank as a challenge to international lending bodies, which some consider too reflective of American foreign policy interests such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.
In this bank's case, China controls half of the bank's voting shares, which gives the perception that the AIIB will function in the interests of the Chinese government. A non-resident Board of Directors is responsible for the direction and management of the Bank such as the Bank’s strategy, annual plan and budget and establishing policies and oversight procedures.
The bank staff is headed by a President who is elected by AIIB shareholders for a five-year term and is eligible for re-election once. The bank funds projects linking countries in the region and cross-border infrastructure projects for roads, rail, ports, energy pipelines and telecoms across Central Asia and maritime routes in South East and South Asia and the Middle East. The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a new international development bank that provides financing for infrastructure projects in Asia.

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is a 21-member economic forum that promotes free trade and sustainable development in Pacific Rim economies.

Policy Partnership on Women and the Economy

Intellectual Property Rights Expert Group

The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an economic group of 21 members, formed in 1989, with the primary goal of promoting free trade and sustainable development in the Pacific Rim economies. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an economic group of 21 members, formed in 1989, with the primary goal of promoting free trade and sustainable development in the Pacific Rim economies. _APEC provides funding for approximately 100 projects annually, with around USD 15.4 million made available in 2018._
In 1995, APEC adopted the Osaka Action Agenda, a program designed to facilitate business activities, liberalize trade and investment and promote economic and technical cooperation. APEC refers to its members as economies rather than as states due to the focus on trade and economic issues rather than the sometimes delicate diplomatic issues of the region, including the status of Taiwan and Hong Kong. At a landmark summit meeting in 1994, APEC announced a lofty goal of establishing free trade and investment regimes in the Asia-Pacific region by 2010 for members with developed economies.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Assigned risk is when an insurance company is required, by law, to provide coverage for risk that may not be covered by the normal insurance market.

Assigned risk is when an insurance company is required, by state insurance law, to provide coverage for risk that may not find coverage in the general insurance marketplace. Assigned risk is when an insurance company is required, by state insurance law, to provide coverage for risk that may not find coverage in the general insurance marketplace. To do this the regulator will require insurance companies that provide a particular line of insurance, such as workers’ compensation or automotive insurance, to participate in a state-sponsored plan that provides coverage. State insurance regulators recognize that insurers only want to underwrite policies that will be profitable, but also recognize that it is in the interest of the government that coverage is extended to groups that need protection but may not be able to obtain it in the general insurance market. In most cases, insurance companies choose who they underwrite insurance policies for, and this choice to insure is based on the risk profile of the individual or business applying for coverage.

Assigned Risk

An assignee is a person, company or entity granted the transfer of property, liabilities, title, or rights from a contract.

An assignee is a person, company, or entity who receives the transfer of property, title, or rights from another according to the terms of a contract. For example, an assignee might take on the property rights from a tenant who vacated a rental property, but the tenant may still be liable if the assignee does not make rent payments on time. An assignee is a person, company, or entity who receives the transfer of property, title, or rights from another according to the terms of a contract. An assignee is a person, company, or entity who receives the transfer of property, title, or rights from a contract. There may be limits to the rights and liabilities that are granted to an assignee based on the nature of the transfer or assignment of rights.

Assignee

Attachment is a preliminary legal procedure to seize property in anticipation of a favorable ruling for a plaintiff who claims to be owed money.

Attachment is a legal process referring to the action of seizing property in anticipation of a favorable ruling for a plaintiff who claims to be owed money by the defendant. A court may use attachment to seize property, such as real estate or vehicles, based on such reasons as the defendant doing business in the state, the defendant being a resident of the state, or the commission of wrongful acts in the state. At the request of a creditor, a court of law may transfer specific property owned by the debtor to the creditor (or sell the property for the benefit of the creditor).
Attachment is a preliminary procedure. The authority of the court might also be constrained if real estate or other property in the state is the only legal connection the defendant has to the state where the case will be heard. For example, a judge may order the bank assets of a defendant to be seized to prevent them from transferring them to offshore accounts or block other attempts to move ownership of property outside of the court’s jurisdiction.

Attachment

Attorney's fee awards are payment of the attorney fees from one party to another party.

Attorney’s fee awards refer to the order of the payment of the attorney fees of one party by another party. Some examples of the types of statutes that permit shifting fees to the losing party in litigation include:
Consumer protection statutes;
Civil rights statutes, especially those intended to prevent discrimination in public accommodations or employment;
Environmental protection statutes; and
Other statutes intended to protect the public good or the public interest.
In order to obtain an attorney’s fee award, the litigant seeking such an award must prove both that the fees in question have, in fact, been incurred and that they are reasonable. The court may order the losing party in a case to pay the winning party’s legal fees when statute, case law, or a contract allows the successful litigant to obtain legal fees from the unsuccessful litigant. Attorney’s fee awards refer to the order of the payment of the attorney fees of one party by another party. Even in the United States, however, courts can, in some cases, order the losing side to pay for the winning party's attorney fees.

Attorney's Fee Awards

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is the country of Australia's independent national statistical office.

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is the country of Australia's independent national statistical office. Beyond serving up a variety of national datasets, the Australian Bureau of Statistics is also responsible for conducting Australia's census covering population and housing. The Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics (CBCS), the predecessor to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), was established in 1905. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is the country of Australia's independent national statistical office. The mission statement of the Australian Bureau of Statistics is to assist and facilitate informed decision making, research, and discussion within governments and the community by providing high quality and objective national statistical service.

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS)

The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is the regulator of Australia's markets and financial services.

ASIC Commission Meetings: Purpose, Governance and Practices Summary

The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is the regulator of Australia's markets and financial services. The ASIC is an independent Commonwealth Government body established by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act of 2001 (ASIC Act).
The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is an independent government body tasked with regulating Australia's financial markets and financial services industry. Under the ASIC Act, the ASIC is expected to:
1.  Maintain, facilitate, and improve the financial system's performance
2.  Promote confident and informed investor and consumer participation
3.  Administer and enforce the law effectively and efficiently
4.  Process and store information efficiently and quickly
5.  Make information regarding companies and other bodies public in a timely manner
The ASIC promotes investor and financial consumer trust and confidence by educating investors and the public on investor responsibility. The ASIC regulates Australian companies, financial markets, financial service organizations, and financial professionals.﻿﻿ It also acts as the consumer credit regulator and licenses and regulates organizations such as banks, credit unions, finance companies, and mortgage brokers according to the National Consumer Credit Protection Act of 2009. The ASIC lists the following as powers that fall within its mandate:
Register financial services providers
Maintain publicly accessible registers
Grant Australian financial services and credit licenses
Intervene to grant defective products
Make legislative rules to ensure financial market integrity
Grant relief from legislation
Investigate suspected breaches
Issue infringement notices
Seek civil penalties
Ban individual activity
Prosecute offenders

Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)

The Bank Of Central African States oversees the monetary system and issues currency for the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). 

Global Economy and Development, Global Views Policy Paper 2012-06: The Future of the CEMAC CFA Franc

CEMAC and its Members Gather to Establish a Plan to Implement HS 2022

West Africa renames CFA franc but keeps it pegged to euro

West Africa’s new currency could now be delayed by five years

Regional Integration a Top Priority for Central Africa Bloc

Strengthening Financial Regional Institutions and Intermediation in the CEMAC Region (P161368): Combined Project Information Documents/Integrated Safeguards Datasheet (PID/ISDS)

Table of Contents
What Is the BEAC?
Understanding the BEAC BEACS's Currency Evolution
Scandals at the BEAC
BEAC's Strategic Plan
The Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale (BEAC) is the central bank serving the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). The Bank Of Central African States (BEAC) is the central bank of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC). In December 2019, the heads of the eight countries that comprise the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), and the larger 15-member Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) announced the CFA Franc would soon be renamed the Eco and have fewer ties to France going forward. The bank's head office is in Cameroon.﻿﻿ The bank's role is to manage the region's monetary policy, issue currency, drive the exchange rate of the region, manage the foreign reserves of the member states and facilitate payments and settlement systems.

Bank Of Central African States (BEAC)

The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) is federal legislation meant to prevent financial institutions from being used to launder ill-gotten gains.

Also known as the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) is U.S. legislation created in 1970 to prevent financial institutions from being used as tools by criminals to hide or launder their ill-gotten gains. The law does not require documentation for every transaction over $10,000, but businesses must file IRS Form 8300 if they receives more than $10,000 in cash from one buyer.
The BSA was put into action to better identify when money laundering is used to further a criminal enterprise, support terrorism, cover up tax evasion, or disguise other unlawful activities. Also known as the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) is U.S. legislation created in 1970 to prevent financial institutions from being used as tools by criminals to hide or launder their ill-gotten gains. The law requires financial institutions to provide documentation to regulators whenever their clients deal with suspicious cash transactions involving sums over $10,000. The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) is U.S. legislation aimed toward preventing criminals from using financial institutions to hide or launder money.

Bank Secrecy Act (BSA)

A state banking department is a state-specific regulatory body that oversees the operations of financial institutions within its jurisdiction. 

Why America's Dual Banking System Matters

Summing It Up: A Brief History of the Economy, Regulations, and Bank Data

Table of Contents
What Is a State Banking Dept.?
How State Banking Depts. Work
Special Considerations
History of State Banking Depts. The term state banking department refers to a state-specific regulatory body that oversees the operations of financial institutions within its jurisdiction. A state banking department is a state-specific regulatory body that oversees the operations of financial institutions within its jurisdiction. State-chartered banks and certain non-bank affiliates of federally chartered banks may or may not fall within the jurisdiction of that state’s banking regulatory authority. The state banking department is where many consumers go to file a complaint against a financial institution that is within the banking department's jurisdiction.

State Banking Department

A bicameral system refers to a government with two legislative houses or chambers.

A bicameral system describes a government that has a two-house legislative system, such as the House of Representatives and the Senate that make up the U.S. Congress. A bicameral system describes a government that has a two-house legislative system, such as the House of Representatives and the Senate that make up the U.S. Congress. The legislative branch of the U.S. federal government uses a bicameral system, in addition to all of the U.S. states, with the exception of Nebraska. The U.S. bicameral system arose from a desire to have a balanced system within the legislative branch and to address a disagreement over how states would be allocated representation. The bicameral system in the U.S. consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate—collectively known as the U.S. Congress.

Bicameral System

Bilateral trade is the exchange of goods between two nations promoting trade and investment by reducing and eliminating trade barriers.

President Bush Expanded and Enforced Trade Agreements to Open New Markets for American Products

United States and Brazil Reach Agreement to End WTO Cotton Dispute

United States Secures Full Access for U.S. Beef and Beef Products to Peru

Bilateral trade is the exchange of goods between two nations promoting trade and investment. In the United States, the Office of Bilateral Trade Affairs minimizes trade deficits through negotiating free trade agreements with new countries, supporting and improving existing trade agreements, promoting economic development abroad, and other actions. The agreement reflected the U.S. negligible risk classification for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE).
The United States and Peru agreed to amendments in certification statements making beef and beef products from federally inspected U.S. establishments eligible for export to Peru, rather than just beef and beef products from establishments participating in the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) Export Verification (EV) programs under previous certification requirements. Compared to multilateral trade agreements, bilateral trade agreements are negotiated more easily, because only two nations are party to the agreement. Bilateral trade agreements are agreements between countries to promote trade and commerce.

Bilateral Trade

A blanket appropriation authorizes expenditures on a blanket basis without having to specify individual projects the funds are allocated towards.

A blanket appropriation authorizes expenditures on a blanket basis without the individual using the funds having to specify individual projects the funds are being allocated towards. A blanket appropriation authorizes expenditures on a blanket basis without the individual using the funds having to specify individual projects the funds are being allocated towards. Blanket appropriations allow people with access to a budget to use funds on a blanket basis without having to specify the specific projects towards which the funds are being applied. For example, a manager might be given blanket appropriation of funds to be used to increase sales and revenue for a particular product line. Blanket appropriations may need to be monitored closely to ensure that there is no misuse of funds and that the allocated funds are being spent only for authorized purposes.

Blanket Appropriation

The term blocked account has a couple of different meanings in trade and finance. Discover what those meanings are here.

A blocked account generally refers to a financial account that has some limitations or restrictions placed upon it, temporarily or permanently, which can occur for various reasons and rationales. An account that has become completely blocked is referred to as a frozen account.
Very broadly, a blocked account refers to an account that does not allow for unlimited or indiscriminate withdrawal or other access but instead has certain restrictions or limitations on when, how much, and by who, capital can be withdrawn. A blocked account can sometimes refer to a Deposit Account Control Agreement (DACA), which is an agreement between a borrower (or debtor), the secured lender, and a bank maintaining a deposit account. Once an account in the U.S. is blocked by government mandate (such as during a time of war or distress), no funds in the account can be accessed without a specific release from the U.S. Treasury. A blocked account generally refers to a financial account that has some limitations or restrictions placed upon it, temporarily or permanently, which can occur for various reasons and rationales.

What Is a Blocked Account?

Bona vacantia, also known as vacant goods, refers to property without a clear owner. Bona vacantia assets may be abandoned or unclaimed by its owner.

Bona vacantia, also known as “vacant goods” or "ownerless goods" in Latin, is a legal term for the situation in which property is left without any clear owner. Examples of this include:
When a person dies without a will and no known heirs or next of kin
When a business or unincorporated association dissolves and the assets thereof are not distributed appropriately
When a trust fails (frequently because estate assets have not been correctly identified and added to the trust)
When the property owner moves without leaving any contact information
Abandoned property is a type of bona vacantia property that is turned over to the state after a number of years of inactivity. Examples of unclaimed funds include:
Unclaimed back wages, life insurance funds, and pension money
Unclaimed deposits from bank failures and credit union closures
Unclaimed or undelivered tax refunds or refunds from an FHA-insured mortgage The state will decide who inherits the property, usually prioritizing close relatives, such as spouses or civil partners and children, then more distant relatives such as parents, siblings, grandparents, and their descendants.
Some states allow the descendants of the deceased’s spouse who are not also the descendants of the deceased to inherit if there are no other heirs. Each state maintains its own unclaimed property office, where it is possible to search for bona vacantia property that may belong to you.

Bona Vacantia

Build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract is a model used to finance large projects, typically infrastructure projects developed through public-private partnerships.

A build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract is a model used to finance large projects, typically infrastructure projects developed through public-private partnerships. Under a build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract, an entity—usually a government—grants a concession to a private company to finance, build and operate a project for a period of 20-30 years, hoping to earn a profit. Under a build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract, an entity—usually a government—grants a concession to a private company to finance, build and operate a project. A build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract is a model used to finance large projects, typically infrastructure projects developed through public-private partnerships. A build-operate-transfer (BOT) contract is a model used to finance large projects, typically infrastructure projects developed through public-private partnerships.

Build-Operate-Transfer Contract

A breach of contract is a violation of any of the agreed-upon terms and conditions of a binding contract.

A breach of contract is a violation of any of the agreed-upon terms and conditions of a binding contract. If the total net cost of breaching a contract to all parties is less than the net cost to all parties of upholding the contract, than it can be economically efficient to breach the contract, even if that results in one (or more) parties to the contract being harmed and left worse off economically. If the net expected cost to a party of breaching a contract is less than the expected cost of fulfilling it, then that party has an economic incentive to breach the contract. A plaintiff, the person who brings a suit to court claiming that there has been a breach of contract, must first establish that a contract existed between the parties. Economically, the costs and benefits of upholding a contract or breaching it determine whether either or both parties have an economic incentive to breach the contract.

Breach of Contract

The British Bankers Association is the leading trade association that represents those involved in the banking and financial services within the U.K.

The British Bankers Association (BBA) is a trade association that represents the views of those involved in the banking and financial services industry within the U.K. UK Finance was the result of a merger of most of the activities of the BBA, Payments UK, the Council of Mortgage Lenders, the UK Cards Association, and the Asset Based Finance Association. On July 1, 2017, the British Bankers Association (BBA) merged with UK Finance, a trade association for the U.K. banking and financial services sector. Investigations over the alleged rigging of the LIBOR were initiated into more than a dozen banks and Barclays Bank was fined £59.5 million for failings related to the LIBOR and EURIBOR in accordance with the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000. An additional responsibility of the BBA used to be to set benchmark rates such as London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), a benchmark rate that some of the world’s leading banks charge each other for short-term loans.

British Bankers Association (BBA)

The Brunei Investment Agency (BIA) holds and manages the country of Brunei’s sovereign wealth fund (SWF) and its external assets.

The Brunei Investment Agency (BIA), founded in 1983, is a government-owned investment organization that holds and manages the country of Brunei’s general reserve fund and its external assets. The Brunei Investment Agency (BIA), founded in 1983, is a government-owned investment organization that holds and manages the country of Brunei’s general reserve fund and its external assets. As with most SWFs, the Brunei Investment Agency was created to control Brunei's general reserve funds, grow its external holdings, diversify its revenue base, and hedge export revenues from energy and commodity price volatility. Brunei Investment Agency was created to control Brunei's general reserve funds, grow its external holdings, diversify its revenue base, and hedge export revenues from energy and commodity price volatility. The Brunei Investment Agency (BIA), founded in 1983, is a government-owned investment organization that holds and manages the country of Brunei’s general reserve fund.

Brunei Investment Agency

A budget deficit typically occurs when expenditures exceed revenue. The term is typically used to refer to government spending and national debt. A budget deficit is an indicator of financial health.

A Modern History of Fiscal Prudence and Profligacy

United States Budgetary Costs and Obligations of Post-9/11 Wars through FY2020: $6.4 Trillion

The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11

Federal Budget Deficit Totals $1.4 Trillion in Fiscal Year 2009

On The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019 to 2029

A budget deficit occurs when expenses exceed revenue and indicate the financial health of a country. Budget deficits, reflected as a percentage of GDP, may decrease in times of economic prosperity, as increased tax revenue, lower unemployment rates, and increased economic growth reduce the need for government-funded programs such as unemployment insurance and Head Start. Countries can counter budget deficits by promoting economic growth through fiscal policies, such as reducing government spending and increasing taxes. For example, one strategy to increase Treasury inflows is to reduce regulations and lower corporate income taxes to improve business confidence and promote economic growth, generating higher taxable profits and more income taxes due to job growth. In the early 20th century, few industrialized countries had large fiscal deficits, however, during the First World War deficits grew as governments borrowed heavily and depleted financial reserves to finance the war and their growth.

Budget Deficit

The Bundesbank is the central bank of Germany. Like the Federal Reserve in the United States, it oversees the nation's banking system and monetary policy.

Regional Offices and Branches of the Deutsche Bundesbank

Central Bank of the Federal Republic of Germany

Executive Board of the Deutsche Bundesbank

Gross Domestic Product in the 3rd quarter of 2020 Up 8.2% on the Previous Quarter

The Bundesbank, or Deutsche Bundesbank, is the central bank of Germany and is the equivalent of the U.S. Federal Reserve. The Bundesbank participates in European Central Bank monetary policy decision making, and that policy in Germany, but does not set its own independent monetary policy. The Bundesbank implements the ECB's monetary policy throughout Germany to achieve the ECB's monetary policy goals and objectives for Europe. The Bundesbank, or Deutsche Bundesbank, is the central bank of Germany and is located in Frankfurt, Germany. The Bundesbank is considered by many to be the most important and stable central bank in the European Union due to Germany's reputation for diligent fiscal and monetary measures.

Bundesbank

The Bureau of Public Debt was an agency within the United States Department of the Treasury that was responsible for borrowing funds for the federal government to use, maintaining accounts of the government's outstanding debts, and providing services to other federal government agencies.

Treasury Order Establishing the Bureau of the Fiscal Service

The Bureau of Public Debt was an agency within the United States Department of the Treasury that was responsible for borrowing funds for the federal government to use, maintaining accounts of the government's outstanding debts, and providing services to other federal government agencies. On October 7, 2012, the Bureau of Public Debt was consolidated with the Financial Management Service (FMS) to create the Bureau of the Fiscal Service (Fiscal Service) under the direction of Timothy Geithner, the United States Secretary of the Treasury.﻿﻿ The Fiscal Service manages operations such as providing government-wide accounting and reporting services; managing the collection of delinquent debt owed to the government; providing central payment services to federal program agencies; collecting any voluntary donations made to the government for reduction of the public debt; etc. The Bureau of Public Debt was an agency within the United States Department of the Treasury that was responsible for borrowing funds for the federal government to use, maintaining accounts of the government's outstanding debts, and providing services to other federal government agencies. The Bureau of Public Debt was formed in 1940 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as part of a Treasury plan to reorganize the Public Debt Service, the former name of the agency.﻿﻿ To finance its projects and fulfill outstanding debt obligations, the government can either print more money, increase taxes, or borrow the funds needed. The Bureau of Public Debt obtained debt financing for the government by selling fixed-income securities, such as Treasury bills, bonds, notes, Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), and U.S. Savings Bonds.

Bureau Of Public Debt

Calexit refers to the secession of California from the United States, after which it would become an independent country.

More Californians dreaming of a country without Trump: poll

Release #2017-01: Trump begins his tenure with historically low job marks in California. Majorities believe his policies will negatively affect the state in many areas; Yet, most prefer state leaders to try to work with the President than oppose him, even if it means making compromises

Gross Domestic Product by State, 4th Quarter and Annual 2019

"Calexit" refers to the secession of California from the United States, after which it would become an independent country. According to its website, Yes California summarizes its primary reasons for wanting California to be an independent country with the following three reasons:
1.  California is a distinct society with its own unique history and culture.
2.  California as the world’s fifth-largest economy has what it takes to be its own country.
3.  The best people to govern California are the people of California. California GDP vs Other Nations, 2019
Yes California was known as Sovereign California until the summer of 2015 when its leader, New York-born Louis Marinelli, submitted an initiative to the California Attorney General calling for an independence referendum in November 2020 and every four years from then on. Present-day arguments for California sovereignty center on the state's large population and economic power, which make California the world's fifth-largest economy if it were an independent country. However, on Sept. 10, 2020, Yes California initiated a new effort to collect petition signatures for California's secession, which was approved by the Secretary of State.

Calexit: The Secession of California

The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation (CDCC) is a central clearing counterparty for exchange traded derivative products in Canada.

Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation

CME SPAN: Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk

The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation (CDCC) is the central clearing counterparty for exchange-traded derivative products, such as options and futures, in Canada. This is especially necessary when dealing with the futures market as the transactions are complex and require a stable intermediary.
The CDCC provides this by covering equities, fixed income, and currency derivatives traded on the Montreal exchange, providing its members with clearing services on a large scale product suite. The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation (CDCC) is the central clearing counterparty for exchange-traded derivative products, such as options and futures, in Canada. The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation (CDCC), initially called the Trans Canada Options (TCO), was established in 1977 through the merger of the Montreal and Toronto options clearinghouses. The Canadian Derivatives Clearing Corporation (CDCC) is the main clearinghouse for exchange-traded derivative products in Canada.

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