A program to boost hemispheric trade unveiled by U.S. President George H. W. Bush on June 27, 1990. The primary objectives of the program were to establish a free-trade zone stretching across North and South America, expand investment and provide debt relief for Latin American and Caribbean countries.

A program to boost hemispheric trade unveiled by U.S. President George H. W. Bush on June 27, 1990. The EAI had three components:
1.  The negotiation of a number of expected free-trade agreements, of which the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was the first.
2.  A loan program and a proposed five-year US$1.5 billion multilateral investment fund to be administered by the Inter-American Development Bank.
3.  A program of conditional official-debt relief, with interest payments on the reduced debt to be paid in local currency and used to finance environmental projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. The primary objectives of the program were to establish a free-trade zone stretching across North and South America, expand investment and provide debt relief for Latin American and Caribbean countries. A program to boost hemispheric trade unveiled by U.S. President George H. W. Bush on June 27, 1990.

Enterprise For The Americas Initiative (EAI)

Antitrust laws apply to virtually all industries and to every level of business, including manufacturing, transportation, distribution, and marketing.

Antitrust laws are regulations that encourage competition by limiting the market power of any particular firm. The Sherman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, and the Clayton Act are the key laws that set the groundwork for antitrust regulation. The Sherman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Act are the three pivotal laws in the history of antitrust regulation. In 2020, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, is a federal agency in charge of enforcing federal antitrust laws. Predating the Sherman Act, The Interstate Commerce Act was also beneficial in establishing antitrust regulations, although it was less influential than some of the others.

Antitrust

CAFTA-DR is a treaty that boosts trade between the U.S. and several Central American nations. The Dominican Republic was added to the pact later.

CAFTA-DR, Dominican Republic - Central America FTA)

Free Trade Area of the Americas: Missed Deadline Prompts Efforts to Restart Stalled Hemispheric Trade Negotiations

Opposition to the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA)

The Dominican Republic -- Central America - United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR): Developments in Trade and Investments

CAFTA - DR (Dominican Republic -Central America FTA)

The Central America Free Trade Area-Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR) is a treaty that abolishes tariffs and encourages trade between the U.S. and a number of Central American nations including Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The Central America Free Trade Area-Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR) is a treaty that abolishes tariffs and encourages trade between the U.S. and a number of Central American nations including Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The primary products exported from the U.S. to Central America include petroleum products, machinery, grains, plastics, and medical instruments, according to Britannica.com, while its primary imports from Central America are coffee, sugar, fruits and vegetables, cigars, and petroleum products. In the years since its passage, CAFTA-DR has been criticized for destroying the livelihoods of small farmers in Central America, who were forced into competition with the giants of American agribusiness. The much larger NAFTA was revised and became the United States Mexico Canada Agreement in 2020.
CAFTA has been criticized as destructive to the livelihoods of small farmers in Central America, who now have to compete with American agribusiness.

Central America Free Trade Area-Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR)

Free trade areas are groups of countries which sign free trade agreements to facilitate trade and reduce trade barriers.

A free trade area is a region in which a group of countries has signed a free trade agreement and maintain little or no barriers to trade in the form of tariffs or quotas between each other. Some free market advocates point out that free trade areas may actually distort patterns of international specialization and division of labor by biasing, or even explicitly limiting, trade toward trade blocs as opposed to allowing natural market forces to determine patterns of production and trade across countries. Free trade areas tend to promote free trade and the international division of labor, though the provisions of the agreement and the resulting scope of free trade is subject to politics and international relations. A free trade area is a region in which a group of countries has signed a free trade agreement and maintain little or no barriers to trade in the form of tariffs or quotas between each other. Free trade areas facilitate international trade and the associated gains from trade along with the international division of labor and specialization.

Free Trade Area Defintion

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was implemented in 1994 to encourage trade between the countries of United States, Mexico, and Canada.

Joint Statement from United States Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer and Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland

U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement

Trump Just Signed the U.S.M.C.A. Here’s What’s in the New NAFTA

NAFTA and the USMCA: Weighing the Impact of North American Trade

North American free trade agreement (NAFTA) - Resources

Table of Contents
What Is NAFTA? Some critics also cite the rising wave of Mexican immigrants to the U.S. as a result of NAFTA—partly because the expected convergence of U.S. and Mexican wages didn’t happen, thus making the U.S. more attractive to Mexican workers.
A spurred surge in cross-border trade and investment
Increased competitiveness of U.S. industry
Opened up opportunities for small businesses
Implemented universal, higher health, safety, and environmental standards
Caused loss of manufacturing jobs, especially in certain industries
Increased inflation in the U.S.
Increased U.S. trade deficits
May have spurred Mexican immigration
The U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) entered into force on July 1, 2020. History of NAFTA
Additions to NAFTA
North American Industry Classification System
Pros and Cons of NAFTA
NAFTA vs. USMCA
NAFTA FAQs 62.5% of vehicle components must be made in North America
75% of components be North American in origin; 40%-45% of parts be from a factory paying $16/hour
pharmaceuticals
protections for certain drug classes from cheaper alternatives
protections eliminated
protected market in Canada, limiting access
allows U.S. farmers access to up to 3.6% of the Canadian market and vice versa
investor-state dispute settlement mechanism
allows companies to sue governments for unfair treatment
eliminated, except for certain Mexican industries
intellectual-property protections
treaty sunset provision
treaty to be reviewed after 6 years; expires after 16 years unless extended While the United States, Canada, and Mexico have all experienced increased trade, economic growth, and higher wages (mainly in the northern nations) since NAFTA’s implementation, experts disagree on how much the agreement actually contributed to, if at all, U.S. manufacturing, jobs, immigration, and the price of consumer goods.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) was a proposed trade deal between the European Union and the United States.

The United States Officially Withdraws from the Trans-Pacific Partnership

Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP)

News Archive: EU Negotiating Texts in TTIP

#TTIPleaks: Confidential TTIP Papers Unveil US Position

Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP): Benefits and Concerns

The Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership: European Disintegration, Unemployment and Instability

What Is TTIP and Why Should We be Angry About It

Negotiations and Agreements: the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

Joint Statement of the United States and the European Union on a Tariff Agreement

TTIP Impacts on European Energy Markets and Manufacturing Industries

Table of Contents
What Was the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)?
Understanding the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Proposed Actions from the TTIP
Transparency, Uncertainty, and Criticism
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
The Future of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
Is TTIP Still Being Negotiated?
Is There a Current Trade Agreement Between the U.S. and the European Union?
What Industries Would Have Benefited From TTIP? The proposed Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) was a proposed comprehensive trade deal between the European Union (EU) and the United States with the aim of promoting trade and economic growth.
The TTIP would have been a companion agreement to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), from which the United States withdrew in 2017. Eliminate both tariff and non-tariff barriers on goods (including agriculture, industrial, and consumer products)
Lower trade barriers on services
Eliminate customs duties on digital commerce and IT (including movies, music, TV shows, and video games)
Introduce comparable rights for investors in participating countries
Reduce or eliminate artificial or trade-distorting barriers
Enhance customs cooperation among the EU and the United States
Ensure equal labor rights in the EU and the United States to avoid unfair labor competition
Obtain mutual agreement on environmental standards, intellectual property rights, and product standards While there is no free trade agreement in force that is as broad as the TTIP, there are more limited agreements between the U.S. and European Union on trade and customs.

Enterprise For The Americas Initiative (EAI)

More in Economy

DEFINITION of Enterprise For The Americas Initiative (EAI)

Understanding Enterprise For The Americas Initiative (EAI)

Related terms:

Antitrust

Central America Free Trade Area-Dominican Republic (CAFTA-DR)

Free Trade Area Defintion

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)