Closing

What Is Closing?

Closing is the final phase of mortgage loan processing in which the property title passes from the seller to the buyer.

How Closing Works

A closing agent who usually is an attorney or official from a title or mortgage company oversees this process, which takes place at a title company or escrow office. The mortgage closing process varies from state to state. This process is called a closing because the escrow account used to complete the property purchase process gets closed. During closing, also called settlement or account settlement, the participants review, authorize, and date numerous legal documents.

Required Closing Documents

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau provides a helpful closing checklist of all required closing documents, including:

Closing Protection Insurance

A closing protection letter or insured closing letter is a contract between a title insurance underwriter and a lender. The underwriter agrees to indemnify the lender for actual losses caused by certain kinds of misconduct by the closing agent.

Title underwriters often authorize closing agents to issue these letters to lenders when the closing agent anticipates issuing the underwriter’s title insurance policies in the transaction. Most letters explicitly make a third-party beneficiary out of the borrower in a purchase transaction.

Typical closing protection letter provisions cover failure to follow written closing instructions, to the extent that the instructions affect the validity, priority, or enforceability of the mortgage lien, require the closing agent to obtain, but not to vouch for the validity or effectiveness, of a specific document, or relate to the collection of funds due to the lender. The letter also covers fraud or dishonesty in handling the lender’s funds or documents.